WK 1 -Physiology And TEAI In Physio Flashcards
1
Q
What it the hierarchy of biological organisation ? (top to bottom)
A
- organism
- organ
- tissue
- cell
- organelle
- molecule
2
Q
What are basic cell functions
A
- homeostasis
- communication
- metabolism
- molecular biosynthesis
- specialised cell functions
- reproduction and inheritance
3
Q
What are the basic structures of a cell
A
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- organelles
4
Q
What are organelles
A
Intracellular mini organs that carry out a metabolic function, based on coded messages from the nucleus
5
Q
How do organelles vary ?
A
They vary in their size and concentration, according to their specialised function of the cell
6
Q
What is a cell membrane
A
It envelops every cell and each of its organs. It is both a gateway and a barrier
7
Q
What is a cell membrane composed of ?
A
A double layer of phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer)
8
Q
What does the cell membrane contain
A
It is a dynamic structure containing protein gates, pumps, channels, markers, receptors, adhesion/linkages
9
Q
What are some of the functions/actions of the cell membrane
A
- homeostasis
- polarity
- metabolism
- mobility
- molecular interactions
- transport
- cell-cell interactions
- structural integrity
10
Q
How is a phospholipid bilayer formed ?
A
- hyrdophilic, polar heads (glycerol + phosphate) seek partners for hydrogen bonding in H2O
- hydrophobic, non-polar tails (two fatty acid chains) pack together as they are repelled from H2O
- this then forms the bi-layer
11
Q
What does the bi-layer permit
A
It permits controlled entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell. Somer critical molecules are also able to diffuse directly through the bi-layer such as O2, CO2 and OH- whilst others need help
12
Q
As a lipid, what does cholesterol affect
A
Structural strength and permeability
13
Q
What are proteins
A
They are embedded transporters and receptors which facilitate active and passive transport
14
Q
What are the 3 types of proteins
A
- channel protein
- receptor protein
- structural protein
15
Q
What are glycolipids and glycoproteins
A
Extracellluar markers
16
Q
What is a cell membranes, protein components
A
- transport channels or pores
- recognition and binding sites
- marker molecules
- cell adhesion molecules
- enzymes that run pumps for transport
- catalysts
- key component in energy generation from glucose
- nutrient access
- recognise and bind with specific molecules such as ligands
- each cell has numerous types of receptor proteins
- binding activates or inhibits the receptor’s specific associated cell signalling pathway to bring about a targeted respond
17
Q
What is a binding site
A
The area on the protein that deals with a ligand
18
Q
What are the carbohydrate component of a cell membrane
A
- on the peripheral of the cell membrane
- cell CHO coating = glycocalyx
- protects cell
- provides lubrication
- provides cell-cell recognition and adhesion, marker molecules are glycoprotein
- oligosaccharides are bound to the proteins and lipids within the membrane
- glycoproteins and glycolipids
- polysaccharides attached to proteins
- proteoglycans
- important for cell signaling and involved in many processes such as mechanotransduction
19
Q
What are the internal division of cells
A
Cytoplasm + nucleus
20
Q
What is the division of the cytoplasm
A
Cytosol + Organelles
21
Q
What does the cytoplasm do
A
It fills the intracellular area beneath the cell membrane, external to the nucleus
22
Q
What occurs in the cytoplasm
A
Most cell functions
23
Q
What does cytosol contain
A
- dissolved ions
- suspended molecules
- proteins
- all for signaling, structural and enzymatic activity
24
Q
What is the cytoskeleton ?
A
It is a protein network within the cytoplasm made up of micro tubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments
- it is a cytoskeletal matrix
25
What are the key structural roles of the cytoskeleton
- an internal scaffold that provides an intracellular framework
- defines gross cell shape
- provides mechanical strength and support
- organises organelle position
- also involved in cell division and molecular transport
26
What is the nucleus
It is the largest organelle which houses the DNA, which controls cell functions and structure
27
What is the nucleus
It is the largest organelle which houses the DNA, which controls cell functions and structure
28
What is the nuclear envelope
It is its own plasma membrane
29
What do nuclear pores permit
They permit ion and molecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm (protein and RNA)
30
Where are ribosomal sub-units manufactured ?
Within the nucleolus
31
What does the mitochondria utilise
It utilises aerobic respiration to generate ATP for chemical energy
32
What is the mitochondria comprised of
It has its own genome (mitogenome) and ribosomes
33
What is the mitochondria capable of
Division - it is highly adaptive
34
Functions of mitochondria, other than energy production
- Ca2+ storage for cell signaling
- Cell divison and growth
- cell death (apoptosis)
35
How many mitochondria are in muscle cells
Up to 5000
36
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
It is a broad, flattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules continuous with the neutrophils (NE - type of white blood cell)
37
What does the ER have a key role in
It has a key role in biosynthesis
- protein, lipid, cholesterol and hormones
38
What are the interior spaces inside the ER sacs and tubules called
Cisternae
39
Where is the ER is relation to the cytoplasm
It is isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm
40
What two sub-units make up the ER
- smooth (agranular) = free of ribosomes
- rough (granular) = has ribosomes for protein synthesis
41
What are the roles of the smooth (agranular) ER
- Biosynthesis of lipids: phospholipids and cholesterol for new vesicles and portions of the cell membrane
- detoxification of drugs and other harmful chemicals (in the liver)
- regulates [Ca2+] ions skeletal muscle cells
42
What does rough (granular) ER attach
They attach ribosomes for protein biosynthesis where secretory cells have increased amounts such as cartilage cells that secrete collagen and proteoglycans
43
What is the main role of the rough (granular) ER
To create and export proteins and glycoproteins to
- the golgi for processing
- directly to the cell membrane
44
What is the process of creating and exporting protein and glycoproteins ?
- directly to the cell membrane, mRNA arrives
- attaches to a free ribosome
- protein biosynthesis based on coded info
- protein release into cisternae
- a vesicle is pinched off to package the protein to be exported
45
What are ribosomes
They are the sites of protein biosynthesis and can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the granular ER
46
What are some functions of ribosomes
- link AA’s together
- combine with and receive instruction from messenger rNA
47
What is the Golgi apparatus
It packages, modifies and distributes protein as well as receives ‘raw’ protein from the ER
48
What happens to protein in the Golgi apparatus
- protein is modified by enzymes into its final form (glycoproteins and lipoproteins)
- protein packaged into ‘vesicle’ for transportation to its final destination (for the cell membrane or for extracellular transport)
49
What are lysosomes
- They originate from the Golgi apparatus
- contain hydrolytic enzymes
- merge with vesicles containing imported material
- enzymes cause digestion of these substances, with the products being used in the cell
50
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)
It is a structural support network made up of various proteins, sugars and other components
51
What is the structural make up and function of the ECM
- fibrous structural proteins = tensile strength (collagen) and elasticity (elastin)
- sticky glycoproteins = cell adhesion and placement (fibronectin) which is key in mechanotransduction
- proteoglycans = hydrophilic +++ and key in tissue hydration, brining and resistance to fore
- hyaluronic acid
52
Define homeostasis
It is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism, where specific biological variables (e.g., body temp, fluid balance) are kept within certain a pre-set limits, a homeostatic range, regulated in response to variations in the environment, diet or physical activity
53
What is ill health/disease in relation to homeostasis
They are consequences of a prolonged loss of homeostatic control
54
What are the interdependent comportments of the homeostatic feedback loop
1- stimulus produces change in variable
2- change is detected by RECEPTOR
3- input where information is sent along different pathway to CONTROL CENTRE
4- output when information is sent along efferent a pathway to EFFECTOR
5- response of effect feeds back it influence the magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
55
What study represents the General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye’s Rodent Studies
56
What does the Selye’s Rodent Studies model show
The relationship between stress and illness
57
What did the Selye Rodent Study show
1- rodents could tolerate the administration of small doses of poison
2- administration of large doses of poison would kill the rodents
3- over time, rodents could tolerate increasing sized dosages of poison, such that eventually they could tolerate larger doses that would previously have been fatal
58
What does the General Adaptation Syndrome model explain
It explain how biological systems such as our body, responses to stressors
59
What key principles does the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) account for
- Homeostasis: after encountering a biological stressor, humans will attempt to return to baseline, a homeostatic normal
- Allostasis: humans attempt to adapt to be better equipped to deal with the stressor so that if it is encountered again, the system will be less likely to depart from homeostasis in the first place
60
What are the 1st phase of GAS acute/short term responses
Alarm
- stressor is apparent
- body is managing to cope but immune system begins to weaken
61
What is the 2nd phase of GAS acute/short term responses
Resistance
- body is working in overdrive, causing a depressed immune system
- makes illness or injury more likely
62
What is the 3rd phase of GAS acute/short term responses
Exhaustion
- body breaks down/fails and can no longer take the neglect
- illness and/or injury results
63
What are the immediate chronic/long term responses of GAS
1) exercise/targeted loading
- training stimulus
2) acute responses
- fatigue
- soreness/DOMS
- exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD)
3) recovery
4) supercompensation
- increased performance
5) returning to baseline
- supercompensation phase is not permanent
64
What are the 5 steps of chronic/long term consequences in relation to GAS
1- stress
2- fatigue
3- recovery
4- supercompensation
5- return to baseline
65
What occurs during part A (return to baseline/homeostatic set range) during GAS
- Improvements are transient
- neither net positive or negative adaption
- if the interval between loading bouts is too long or not adequately progressed, for example repeating the same thing over and over, a net adaptation will not occur (beyond the initial changes)
66
What occurs during part B (negative adaptation) during GAS
- illness or injury will occur at some stage
- net negative adaptation (maladaptation)
- there is incomplete recovery followed by re-application of further stress or loading which results in a chronic decline or reduction in capacity
67
What occurs during part B (positive adaptation) of GAS
- net adaption is occuring
- strength improvement
- positive as progressive stress/load is applied after an appropriate recover period which results in chronic improvements over time
68
Define acute response
It is the immediate changes in cells, tissues and systems during or immediately following a single exercise bout
69
Examples of acute responses
- depletion of ATP
- immediate cell signalling in responses to a mechanical stimulus
70
Define chronic adaption
Adjustments to repeated exposure to a stimulus resulting in longer lasting and systematic changes that influence subsequent acute responses and performance over time
71
Examples of chronic adaptation
- skeletal muscle hypertrophy
72
Define progressive overload
The continued and progressive application of a training stimulus over time, to an intensity which is not yet adapted
73
What are the stages of the Progressive Overload Cycle
1- A training session with sufficient mechanical tension provokes…
2- muscular and neural adaptations which enable…
3- the application of progressive overload
74
Define Physical Stress Theory
75
Describe the PST application in physiotherapy
76
What are the 5 characteristics responses of biological tissues to physical stress
- mechanical stimulus is converted into a biological outcome
77
What are the four fundamental tissue types
