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S1 - EXAM PREP - TEAI > WK 1 -Physiology And TEAI In Physio > Flashcards

WK 1 -Physiology And TEAI In Physio Flashcards

1
Q

What it the hierarchy of biological organisation ? (top to bottom)

A
  • organism
  • organ
  • tissue
  • cell
  • organelle
  • molecule
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2
Q

What are basic cell functions

A
  • homeostasis
  • communication
  • metabolism
  • molecular biosynthesis
  • specialised cell functions
  • reproduction and inheritance
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3
Q

What are the basic structures of a cell

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • organelles
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4
Q

What are organelles

A

Intracellular mini organs that carry out a metabolic function, based on coded messages from the nucleus

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5
Q

How do organelles vary ?

A

They vary in their size and concentration, according to their specialised function of the cell

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6
Q

What is a cell membrane

A

It envelops every cell and each of its organs. It is both a gateway and a barrier

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7
Q

What is a cell membrane composed of ?

A

A double layer of phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer)

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8
Q

What does the cell membrane contain

A

It is a dynamic structure containing protein gates, pumps, channels, markers, receptors, adhesion/linkages

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9
Q

What are some of the functions/actions of the cell membrane

A
  • homeostasis
  • polarity
  • metabolism
  • mobility
  • molecular interactions
  • transport
  • cell-cell interactions
  • structural integrity
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10
Q

How is a phospholipid bilayer formed ?

A
  • hyrdophilic, polar heads (glycerol + phosphate) seek partners for hydrogen bonding in H2O
  • hydrophobic, non-polar tails (two fatty acid chains) pack together as they are repelled from H2O
  • this then forms the bi-layer
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11
Q

What does the bi-layer permit

A

It permits controlled entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell. Somer critical molecules are also able to diffuse directly through the bi-layer such as O2, CO2 and OH- whilst others need help

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12
Q

As a lipid, what does cholesterol affect

A

Structural strength and permeability

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13
Q

What are proteins

A

They are embedded transporters and receptors which facilitate active and passive transport

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins

A
  • channel protein
  • receptor protein
  • structural protein
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15
Q

What are glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

Extracellluar markers

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16
Q

What is a cell membranes, protein components

A
  • transport channels or pores
  • recognition and binding sites
  • marker molecules
  • cell adhesion molecules
  • enzymes that run pumps for transport
  • catalysts
  • key component in energy generation from glucose
  • nutrient access
  • recognise and bind with specific molecules such as ligands
  • each cell has numerous types of receptor proteins
  • binding activates or inhibits the receptor’s specific associated cell signalling pathway to bring about a targeted respond
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17
Q

What is a binding site

A

The area on the protein that deals with a ligand

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18
Q

What are the carbohydrate component of a cell membrane

A
  • on the peripheral of the cell membrane
  • cell CHO coating = glycocalyx
  • protects cell
  • provides lubrication
  • provides cell-cell recognition and adhesion, marker molecules are glycoprotein
  • oligosaccharides are bound to the proteins and lipids within the membrane
  • glycoproteins and glycolipids
  • polysaccharides attached to proteins
  • proteoglycans
  • important for cell signaling and involved in many processes such as mechanotransduction
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19
Q

What are the internal division of cells

A

Cytoplasm + nucleus

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20
Q

What is the division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol + Organelles

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21
Q

What does the cytoplasm do

A

It fills the intracellular area beneath the cell membrane, external to the nucleus

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22
Q

What occurs in the cytoplasm

A

Most cell functions

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23
Q

What does cytosol contain

A
  • dissolved ions
  • suspended molecules
  • proteins
  • all for signaling, structural and enzymatic activity
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24
Q

What is the cytoskeleton ?

A

It is a protein network within the cytoplasm made up of micro tubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments
- it is a cytoskeletal matrix

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25
Q

What are the key structural roles of the cytoskeleton

A
  • an internal scaffold that provides an intracellular framework
  • defines gross cell shape
  • provides mechanical strength and support
  • organises organelle position
  • also involved in cell division and molecular transport
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26
Q

What is the nucleus

A

It is the largest organelle which houses the DNA, which controls cell functions and structure

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27
Q

What is the nucleus

A

It is the largest organelle which houses the DNA, which controls cell functions and structure

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28
Q

What is the nuclear envelope

A

It is its own plasma membrane

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29
Q

What do nuclear pores permit

A

They permit ion and molecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm (protein and RNA)

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30
Q

Where are ribosomal sub-units manufactured ?

A

Within the nucleolus

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31
Q

What does the mitochondria utilise

A

It utilises aerobic respiration to generate ATP for chemical energy

32
Q

What is the mitochondria comprised of

A

It has its own genome (mitogenome) and ribosomes

33
Q

What is the mitochondria capable of

A

Division - it is highly adaptive

34
Q

Functions of mitochondria, other than energy production

A
  • Ca2+ storage for cell signaling
  • Cell divison and growth
  • cell death (apoptosis)
35
Q

How many mitochondria are in muscle cells

A

Up to 5000

36
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

It is a broad, flattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules continuous with the neutrophils (NE - type of white blood cell)

37
Q

What does the ER have a key role in

A

It has a key role in biosynthesis
- protein, lipid, cholesterol and hormones

38
Q

What are the interior spaces inside the ER sacs and tubules called

A

Cisternae

39
Q

Where is the ER is relation to the cytoplasm

A

It is isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm

40
Q

What two sub-units make up the ER

A
  • smooth (agranular) = free of ribosomes
  • rough (granular) = has ribosomes for protein synthesis
41
Q

What are the roles of the smooth (agranular) ER

A
  • Biosynthesis of lipids: phospholipids and cholesterol for new vesicles and portions of the cell membrane
  • detoxification of drugs and other harmful chemicals (in the liver)
  • regulates [Ca2+] ions skeletal muscle cells
42
Q

What does rough (granular) ER attach

A

They attach ribosomes for protein biosynthesis where secretory cells have increased amounts such as cartilage cells that secrete collagen and proteoglycans

43
Q

What is the main role of the rough (granular) ER

A

To create and export proteins and glycoproteins to
- the golgi for processing
- directly to the cell membrane

44
Q

What is the process of creating and exporting protein and glycoproteins ?

A
  • directly to the cell membrane, mRNA arrives
  • attaches to a free ribosome
  • protein biosynthesis based on coded info
  • protein release into cisternae
  • a vesicle is pinched off to package the protein to be exported
45
Q

What are ribosomes

A

They are the sites of protein biosynthesis and can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the granular ER

46
Q

What are some functions of ribosomes

A
  • link AA’s together
  • combine with and receive instruction from messenger rNA
47
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus

A

It packages, modifies and distributes protein as well as receives ‘raw’ protein from the ER

48
Q

What happens to protein in the Golgi apparatus

A
  • protein is modified by enzymes into its final form (glycoproteins and lipoproteins)
  • protein packaged into ‘vesicle’ for transportation to its final destination (for the cell membrane or for extracellular transport)
49
Q

What are lysosomes

A
  • They originate from the Golgi apparatus
  • contain hydrolytic enzymes
  • merge with vesicles containing imported material
  • enzymes cause digestion of these substances, with the products being used in the cell
50
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

It is a structural support network made up of various proteins, sugars and other components

51
Q

What is the structural make up and function of the ECM

A
  • fibrous structural proteins = tensile strength (collagen) and elasticity (elastin)
  • sticky glycoproteins = cell adhesion and placement (fibronectin) which is key in mechanotransduction
  • proteoglycans = hydrophilic +++ and key in tissue hydration, brining and resistance to fore
  • hyaluronic acid
52
Q

Define homeostasis

A

It is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism, where specific biological variables (e.g., body temp, fluid balance) are kept within certain a pre-set limits, a homeostatic range, regulated in response to variations in the environment, diet or physical activity

53
Q

What is ill health/disease in relation to homeostasis

A

They are consequences of a prolonged loss of homeostatic control

54
Q

What are the interdependent comportments of the homeostatic feedback loop

A

1- stimulus produces change in variable
2- change is detected by RECEPTOR
3- input where information is sent along different pathway to CONTROL CENTRE
4- output when information is sent along efferent a pathway to EFFECTOR
5- response of effect feeds back it influence the magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis

55
Q

What study represents the General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Selye’s Rodent Studies

56
Q

What does the Selye’s Rodent Studies model show

A

The relationship between stress and illness

57
Q

What did the Selye Rodent Study show

A

1- rodents could tolerate the administration of small doses of poison
2- administration of large doses of poison would kill the rodents
3- over time, rodents could tolerate increasing sized dosages of poison, such that eventually they could tolerate larger doses that would previously have been fatal

58
Q

What does the General Adaptation Syndrome model explain

A

It explain how biological systems such as our body, responses to stressors

59
Q

What key principles does the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) account for

A
  • Homeostasis: after encountering a biological stressor, humans will attempt to return to baseline, a homeostatic normal
  • Allostasis: humans attempt to adapt to be better equipped to deal with the stressor so that if it is encountered again, the system will be less likely to depart from homeostasis in the first place
60
Q

What are the 1st phase of GAS acute/short term responses

A

Alarm
- stressor is apparent
- body is managing to cope but immune system begins to weaken

61
Q

What is the 2nd phase of GAS acute/short term responses

A

Resistance
- body is working in overdrive, causing a depressed immune system
- makes illness or injury more likely

62
Q

What is the 3rd phase of GAS acute/short term responses

A

Exhaustion
- body breaks down/fails and can no longer take the neglect
- illness and/or injury results

63
Q

What are the immediate chronic/long term responses of GAS

A

1) exercise/targeted loading
- training stimulus
2) acute responses
- fatigue
- soreness/DOMS
- exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD)
3) recovery
4) supercompensation
- increased performance
5) returning to baseline
- supercompensation phase is not permanent

64
Q

What are the 5 steps of chronic/long term consequences in relation to GAS

A

1- stress
2- fatigue
3- recovery
4- supercompensation
5- return to baseline

65
Q

What occurs during part A (return to baseline/homeostatic set range) during GAS

A
  • Improvements are transient
  • neither net positive or negative adaption
  • if the interval between loading bouts is too long or not adequately progressed, for example repeating the same thing over and over, a net adaptation will not occur (beyond the initial changes)
66
Q

What occurs during part B (negative adaptation) during GAS

A
  • illness or injury will occur at some stage
  • net negative adaptation (maladaptation)
  • there is incomplete recovery followed by re-application of further stress or loading which results in a chronic decline or reduction in capacity
67
Q

What occurs during part B (positive adaptation) of GAS

A
  • net adaption is occuring
  • strength improvement
  • positive as progressive stress/load is applied after an appropriate recover period which results in chronic improvements over time
68
Q

Define acute response

A

It is the immediate changes in cells, tissues and systems during or immediately following a single exercise bout

69
Q

Examples of acute responses

A
  • depletion of ATP
  • immediate cell signalling in responses to a mechanical stimulus
70
Q

Define chronic adaption

A

Adjustments to repeated exposure to a stimulus resulting in longer lasting and systematic changes that influence subsequent acute responses and performance over time

71
Q

Examples of chronic adaptation

A
  • skeletal muscle hypertrophy
72
Q

Define progressive overload

A

The continued and progressive application of a training stimulus over time, to an intensity which is not yet adapted

73
Q

What are the stages of the Progressive Overload Cycle

A

1- A training session with sufficient mechanical tension provokes…
2- muscular and neural adaptations which enable…
3- the application of progressive overload

74
Q

Define Physical Stress Theory

A
75
Q

Describe the PST application in physiotherapy

A
76
Q

What are the 5 characteristics responses of biological tissues to physical stress

A
  • mechanical stimulus is converted into a biological outcome
77
Q

What are the four fundamental tissue types

A

S1 - EXAM PREP - TEAI (12 decks)

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