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Peds > Wk 1 Infant Growth and Development > Flashcards

Wk 1 Infant Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of growth?

A

Increase in physical size, measured in kg, lb, etc.

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2
Q

What is the definition of development?

A

Continuous, orderly series of conditions that lead to activities, new motives for activities, and eventual patterns of behavior.

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3
Q

How is development measured?

A

By observation

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4
Q

Chronological age is an example of __.

A

growth

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5
Q

Developmental age is an example of __.

A

development

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6
Q

Developmental level and chronological age are not always…

A

the same

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7
Q

When a child learns to gain control of their body, they will gain control of what first?

A

their head

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8
Q

Patterns of growth and development are __

A

predictable

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9
Q

You should not compare children because…

A

every child is individual

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10
Q

When we talk about developmental milestones, we talk about the…

A

upper end of those milestones

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11
Q

Most children will learn how to walk around what age?

A

12 months

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12
Q

What is the milestone that nurses learn for all children learning how to walk?

A

15 months

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13
Q

If a child is not rolling over by __ months of age, we would be concerned

A

6 months

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14
Q

Why do we learn the upper end of milestones?

A

So we know when to be concerned if a child has not met that milestone yet.

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15
Q

Patterns of growth and development are __.

A

universal

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16
Q

What does cephalocaudal mean?

A

Head develops first

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17
Q

What does proximodistal mean?

A

Babies gain control of their center before extremities (proximal to distal)

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18
Q

What is a good example of proximodistal?

A

Children will hold a still elbow when first learning to write

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19
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

Children learn gross motor skills before fine motor skills

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20
Q

What are the three directional trends that children learn in?

A

Chephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Differentiation

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21
Q

What is a good example of differentiation?

A

Infants will try to pick things up with all of their fingers instead of their thumb and pointy finger because they can’t differentiate their fingers

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22
Q

What are three sequential trends of development?

A

Stages
Critical periods
Positive and negative stimuli

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23
Q

What are critical periods of development?

A

A period in time where a child will need to develop something that could effect them the rest of their life

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24
Q

What is an example of a critical period of development?

A

Kitten has one eye taped shut and when taken off it won’t be able to see through that eye because it missed the critical period of development

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25
Q

List 5 factors that influence growth and development

A 
Genetics
Nutrition
Prenatal and environmental factors
Family and community
Cultural factors
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26
Q

What is an example of family and community factors?

A

Grandparents that are an active part of children’s lives

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27
Q

What is an example of an environmental factor?

A

Children who go to daycare are exposed to other people and different ways of learning

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28
Q

What are the 5 stages of development?

A 
Prenatal
Infancy
Early childhood
Middle School
Late childhood
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29
Q

What are the three stages of the prenatal period?

A

Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal

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30
Q

Conception up to 2 weeks is the…

A

germinal stage of the prenatal period

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31
Q

2 weeks up to 8 weeks is the…

A

embryonic stage of the prenatal period

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32
Q

8 weeks to 40 weeks (or birth) is the…

A

fetal stage of the prenatal period

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33
Q

What are the two stages of the infancy stage of development?

A

Neonatal

Infancy

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34
Q

Birth up to 28 days is the…

A

neonatal stage of infancy

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35
Q

1-12 months is the…

A

infancy stage of infancy

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36
Q

What are the two stages of early childhood?

A

Toddler

Preschooler

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37
Q

Ages 1-3 years is the…

A

toddler stage of early childhood

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38
Q

Ages 3-6 years is the…

A

Preschooler stage of early childhood

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39
Q

School age years from 6-12 years represents the…

A

Middle childhood

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40
Q

What ages represents the start of adolescence?

A

13 years

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41
Q

What are the two stages of late childhood?

A

Prepubertal

Adolescence

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42
Q

What ages make up the prepubertal stage of late childhood?

A

10-12 years

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43
Q

What ages make up adolescence stage of late childhood?

A

13-18 years

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44
Q

What are the names of three scientists who developed the theories of development?

A

Erikson
Piaget
Kohlberg

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45
Q

Erik Erikson was a pyschoanalyst who developed…

A

Psychosocial theories of emotional development

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46
Q

“You must master the first stage before moving on to the next stage”

A

Erik Erikson

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47
Q

Erikson’s infancy stage

A

Trust vs mistrust

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48
Q

Erikson’s toddler stage

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

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49
Q

Erikson’s preschooler stage

A

Initiative vs guilt

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50
Q

Erikson’s school ager stage

A

Industry vs inferiority

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51
Q

Erikson’s adolescence stage

A

Identity vs role confusion

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52
Q

Jean Piaget studied…

A

cognitive thinking/ability

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53
Q

The sensorimotor stage of Piaget lasts until…

A

infancy - age 2

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54
Q

What ages do the preoperation stage cover?

A

Ages 2-6

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55
Q

What ages do the operation stage cover?

A

School agers

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56
Q

What ages do the formal operation stage of Piaget cover?

A

Adolescence

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57
Q

What are the four stages of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperation
Operation
Formal operation

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58
Q

Kohlberg helps us to understand how a child develops…

A

moral reasoning

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59
Q

What are the three stages of Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Preconventional
Conventional Morality
Post conventional reality

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60
Q

What is anticipatory guidance?

A

Predicting what the child will do next/what their response will be and helping to prepare the parent for that

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61
Q

Three things anticipatory guidance helps with

A

Teach parents
Catching patients who are falling behind
Plan of care

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62
Q

When a child is first born we expect them to lose up to…

A

10% of their birth weight

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63
Q

After birth, how much weight do newborns put on?

A

About an ounce a day until 6 months of age

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64
Q

Birth weight will double by…

A

6 months of age

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65
Q

Birth weight will triple by…

A

1 year

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66
Q

After birth, how much height does a newborn put on?

A

About an inch per month until 6 months of age

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67
Q

After 6 months, how much height does a newborn put on?

A

About half an inch per month

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68
Q

How much does an infants height increase by 1 year of age?

A

About 50%

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69
Q

How fast does the head grow after birth and why?

A

About half an inch per month because of brain development

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70
Q

What is the soft spot on a baby’s head called?

A

Fontanel

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71
Q

What is the definition of a fontanel?

A

Space between the bones of the skull of an infant where ossification is not complete

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72
Q

How many fontanels are babies born with?

A

2

73
Q

Where are the fontanels of a baby located?

A

Anterior (on top), posterior (at base of skull)

74
Q

Fontanels on a baby can be used to assess…

A

Hydration

Intracranial pressure

75
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close?

A

6-8 weeks of age

76
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close?

A

Between 12-18 months

77
Q

A baby should be back to baseline birth weight at…

A

2 weeks

78
Q

What are 4 reasons that a baby loses 5-10% of it’s weight after birth?

A

Withdrawal of hormones from mother
Loss of excess extracellular fluid
Passage of feces and urine
Limited food intake

79
Q

What is meconium?

A

The first feces or stool of the newborn

80
Q

How big is a newborn’s stomach at day 1?

A

Size of a cherry, 5-7 mls

81
Q

How big is a newborn’s stomach at day 3?

A

Size of a walnut, 22-27 mls

82
Q

How big is a newborn’s stomach at one week?

A

Size of an apricot, 45-60 mls

83
Q

How big is a newborn’s stomach at one month?

A

Size of a large egg, 80-150 mls

84
Q

Newborns breath very __

A

fast

85
Q

Newborns heart rate slows…

A

paradoxical pattern, increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration

86
Q

Newborn blood pressure is typically __

A

low

87
Q

Newborns don’t have normal RBCs. Fetal hemoglobin is present for…

A

first five months

88
Q

Fetal hemoglobin has a __ lifespan than normal RBCs

A

shorter

89
Q

Fetal hemoglobin carries __ oxygen than normal RBCs

A

more

90
Q

Maternal iron stores diminish at…

A

5-6 months

91
Q

Newborn digestive system is immature and the enzymes don’t start to work until what age?

A

3 months of age, work best at 6 months of age

92
Q

What is a reason that we wait to feed newborns solid food until 6 months of age?

A

Amylase and lipase not fully functioning until 6 months of age

93
Q

Infants are prone to dehydration because…?

A

Total body fluid shift occurs from 75% water, primarily in extracellular fluid

94
Q

When does the ability to shiver develop?

A

First few months

95
Q

What is the saying concerning thermoregulation and infants?

A

“Infants will either spend their energy heating themselves up or growing”

96
Q

When does the ability to adjust to cold develop?

A

6 months

97
Q

What is the vision growth for birth to one month?

A

8 to 10 inches away, and can follow objects to midline, and prefer black and white images

98
Q

What is the vision growth for 2 months?

A

lift and look

99
Q

When can a baby follow an object across the midline?

A

4 months

100
Q

What is the vision growth for 3 months?

A

Interested in faces, ocular movements coordinated, begins to associate visual stimuli and event

101
Q

What is the vision growth for 4 months?

A

hand regard, follows past midline, recognizes familiar objects, follows parents

102
Q

What does hand regard mean?

A

Baby will gain awareness of their hand and put it on their face

103
Q

What is the vision growth for 6 months?

A

Directed reach (baby will reach for familiar objects), depth perception

104
Q

What is the vision growth for 10 months?

A

Object permanence

105
Q

When can babies transfer objects from hand to hand?

A

7 months

106
Q

Who came up with object permanence?

A

Jean Piaget

107
Q

Hearing: At 3-6 months, babies can…

A

Localize sounds and begin to understand a few words

108
Q

Hearing: Before 3 months, a baby can…

A

Discriminate mother’s voice or a comforting sound

109
Q

When do babies start to say a meaningful word?

A

6-12 months

110
Q

What age to babies hear and follow a simple command?

A

12 months

111
Q

What age do babies get their first set of teeth?

A

5-6 months

112
Q

When babies first teeth are coming in, it can be accompanied by…

A

Low grade fever, fussy, gums swollen

all normal

113
Q

A babies teeth come in from…

A

front to back

114
Q

What taste is resisted by babies?

A

Sour and bitter

115
Q

What taste is accepted by babies?

A

Sweet

116
Q

What do a baby’s reflexes do?

A

Carry out bodily functions and respond to external stimuli

117
Q

Head control: At 1 month of age a baby will have…

A

head lag

118
Q

Head control: At 3 months of age, a baby can…

A

hold their head up

119
Q

Head control: By 4-6 months of age, a baby has…

A

well established head control

120
Q

By __ months of age, a baby should have no head lag

A

6 months

121
Q

When can a baby lift their weight and support with arms?

A

4 months

122
Q

When is a baby able to roll?

A

5-6 months

123
Q

What sequence does a baby first roll?

A

Belly to back and then back to belly

124
Q

What is tummy time?

A

Placing the baby on their belly and having them lift up. Helps them develop control of their head and neck, and muscles

125
Q

When can infants sit with support?

A

6 months of age

126
Q

When can infants sit alone leaning forward with their hands to support?

A

7 months

127
Q

By what age can infants sit unsupported?

A

8 months

128
Q

When can infants go into a sitting position from prone or supine?

A

10 months

129
Q

What age will infants roll over?

A

4-6 months

130
Q

When children roll over, what will they often do first?

A

Push themselves backwards

131
Q

By 8-10 months, a baby can crawl with…

A

Their belly touching the ground

132
Q

When are babies able to crawl with their bellies off the ground? (creeping)

A

11 months

133
Q

What age can infants bear all of their weight on their legs?

A

6-7 months

134
Q

By what age are babies able to pull up on things?

A

9 months

135
Q

What is cruising?

A

When a baby holds on to something and takes steps

136
Q

What age can a baby walk well while one hand is held?

A

12 months

137
Q

What age is the walking milestone?

A

15 months

138
Q

Why are walkers not recommended?

A

Safety hazard, puts hips in wrong position and they can develop the wrong leg muscles

139
Q

What is recommended instead of walkers?

A

Push toys

140
Q

When do babies voluntarily try to grasp things?

A

3 months of age

141
Q

When does a baby hold a bottle and grasp feet?

A

6 months

142
Q

When does a pincer grasp develop?

A

8-9 months

143
Q

When is a pincer grasp refined?

A

11-12 months

144
Q

What helps a baby develop a pincer grasp?

A

Finger foods

145
Q

Motor development: 2 months

A

Holds head erect in mid position

Turn from side to back

146
Q

Motor development: 3 months

A

Hold head erect and steady
Open or close hand loosely
Hold object, put in hand

147
Q

When does a baby start to imitate others? Like waving

A

7 months

148
Q

When should a baby have object permanence?

A

10 months

149
Q

The birth-12 months of age stage was called what by Kohlberg?

A

Preconventional Morality - obedience and punishment orientation

150
Q

How do children in Kohlberg’s preconventional morality stage view right and wrong?

A

External to themselves. They view it as something adults tell them they can and cannot do

151
Q

The birth-12 months of age stage is called what by Erikson?

A

Trust vs mistrust

152
Q

Erikson says during the trust vs mistrust stage, the caregiver must be…

A

in sync with the infant

153
Q

Erikson: When can infants tolerate frustration?

A

About 5 or 6 months of age

154
Q

Erikson says that because infants are dependent on their caregivers, this plays an important role in…

A

the shaping of the child’s personality

155
Q

The birth-12 months stage is called what by Piaget?

A

Sensorimotor

156
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage of Piaget? (5)

A

Progression from simple reflexes to repetitive acts
Learns they are separate from others
Object permanence
Begin to use symbols
Intelligence takes the form of motor actions

157
Q

Piaget: primary circular reactions

A

Infant doesn’t know they are separate from their environment (1-4 months)

158
Q

Piaget: secondary circular reactions

A

Infants learns they are separate. For example, if they kick something it moves (4-8 months)

159
Q

Piaget: coordination of secondary

A

Actions are intentional, object permanence (9-12 months)

160
Q

Piaget says you can assess a baby’s cognitive development by…

A

Looking at their motor development

161
Q

When does sexuality begin?

A

At birth from parental feedback

162
Q

What does attachment depend on?

A

Infant’s ability to discriminate the mother from others and object permanence

163
Q

Parent-infant attachment is critical to __ __

A

mental health

164
Q

What age do we first see a social smile?

A

6-8 weeks

165
Q

What are the three stages an infant will go through if a caregiver leaves them?

A

Protest
Despair
Detachment

166
Q

What can happen if a primary caregiver is away for a certain amount of time?

A

Reactive attachment disorder

167
Q

What are characteristics of reactive attachment disorder?

A

Refuse eye contact
Poor impulse control
Destructive to self and others

168
Q

How can a nurse prevent reactive attachment disorder?

A

Warm, responsive, interactive with infant during separation

169
Q

What age does stranger fear set in?

A

6-7 months of age

170
Q

If there is a child that will go to just anyone, what might you think?

A

Maybe the parent and child have not bonded well

171
Q

When does separation anxiety happen?

A

About 9-10 months

172
Q

When is sight fully developed?

A

6 years of age

173
Q

4 things that can stress an infant

A

Loss of caregivers
Loud noises
Lights
Sudden movement

174
Q

At 12 months a baby should be able to say…

A

mama and dada, plus 3-5 words

175
Q

Speech red flag

A

Unable to say recognizable words at 2 years of age

176
Q

Motor red flags

A

Unable to walk alone by 18 months
Abnormal pincer grasp by 15 months
Unable to transfer objects from hand to hand by 1 yr
Unable to sit alone at 9 months

177
Q

When should you start disciplining a child?

A

6-18 months

178
Q

What does initial disciplining entail?

A

Stern no or gestures, removing them from unsafe situations

Peds (3 decks)

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