Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC2020 Q1 > Wk 1 - Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Wk 1 - Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Trepanning is… (x2)

And was thought to treat… (x3)

A

Prehistoric practice of drilling holes in skull, reasoning unknown,
Epilepsy, headaches, insanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phrenology is… (x2)

And was invented by … in the late…

A

Pseudo-scientific belief that different physical features paralleled talents/deficiencies, and
That you could detect these by the bumps they formed on the skull
Franz Joseph Gall, late 1700s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Medial means… (x1)

A

Toward the middline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lateral mean … (x1)

A

Away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dorsal means… (x2)

A

Toward the top of head/back

In humans, the rear of the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ventral means… (x2)

A

Toward the bottom of head/back

In humans, to front of spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anterior means… (x2)

A

Toward front of head/chest

In humans, to top of spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Posterior means… (x2)

A

Toward rear of head/chest

In humans, to bottom of spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sagittal plane is… (x2)

A

Vertical slice

Anterior to posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Coronal/frontal plane is… (x2)

A

Vertical slice

Left to right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Horizontal plane is… (x1)

A

Self-explanatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cross-section is… (x1)

A

90 degree intersection across nerve bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Central Nervous System is… (x1)

And consists of… (x2)

A

Encased in bone

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Peripheral nervous system is… (x1)

And function …(x1)

A

Not encased in bone

Transmits info to and from CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nuclei refers to… (x1)

A

Clusters of cell bodies in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ganglia refers to… (x1)

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Meninges are… (x1)

And three types in brain…

A

Membranes
Dura mater - tough leathery membrane
Arachnoid meninx - lattice, web, net
Pia mater - fine membrane attache to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q 
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the... (x1(
And moves to fill... (x2)
A

Choroid plexus

Sinus cavities - spaces allow the brain to float

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Layers of the skull, from outer to inner… (x7)

A 
Scalp
Skull
Dura mater
Arachnoid meninx - encasing sinus spaces
Subarachnoid space 
Pia mater meninx
Cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ventricles are… (x2)

A

Hollows formed out of folds in the brain, that fill with CSF

Left over from early development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ventricles, named from top of skull to bottom… (x5)

A 
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Two directions of flow for cerebrospinal fluid…

A

Originating in lateral ventricles/choroid plexus, then either:
Down through the cerebral aqueduct, past fourth ventricle down brain stem to spinal column; or
Outwards and up into the subarachnoid space encircling the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Physical protection of the brain is provided by… (x3)

A

Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chemical protection of the brain is provided by the… (x1)
Which consists of… (x1)
Functioning to… (x1)
With potential negative effects for… (x1)

A

The blood-brain barrier
Tightly packed cells along the blood vessel walls of CNS
Prevent entry of many (large) molecules
Delivery of drugs, eg L-Dopa must be given to Parkinson’s patients, as dopamine molecules are too large

25
The CNS consists of , from top to bottom (x9)
``` Cerebrum Pons Cerebellum Medulla C1 - C8, cervical nerves T1 - T12, thoracic nerves L1 - L5, Lumbar nerves S1 - S5, sacral nerves Coccygeal nerve ```
26
Quadriplegia is caused by... (x1)
Damage to C1 - C8, cervical nerves, at top of spine
27
Paraplegia is caused by... (x2)
Damage to either: T1 - T12, thoracic nerves, or L1 - L5, lumbar nerves
28
Initial development of the CNS differentiates the brain into... (x4)
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Spinal cord
29
Early differentiation of the brain differentiates from 4 initial structures into more specialised structures... (x6)
``` Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) Diencephalon Mesencephalon (midbrain) Metencephalon Myelencephalon (medulla) Spinal cord ```
30
The arrangement of the spinal cord, from dorsal to ventral (back to front)... (x4)
Dorsal horn Grey matter (interior of cord) is surrounded by White matter Ventral horn
31
Afferent nerve endings go to... (x1) | While efferent go to... (x1)
``` Dorsal side of spine (the back) Ventral side (the front) ```
32
Afferent nerves in the somatic nervous system... (x2)
Sensory nerves | Carry info to the CNS
33
Efferent nerves in the somatic nervous system... (x2)
Motor nerves | Carry info away from the CNS
34
The PNS consists of... (x2 + functions)
Somatic nervous system - some conscious control | Autonomic nervous system - regulates internal states, outside conscious control
35
Afferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system... (X1)
Carry info from the internal organs
36
Efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system... (x1)
Carry info to the internal organs
37
Efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system make up which two additional nervous systems? Which interact in what way? (x1)
Parasympathetic - conserves energy Sympathetic - stimulates, and organises energy when threatened Both inputs received, stronger decides actions - a push/pull effect
38
Five major divisions of the adult brain, in three main areas...
Forebrain - telencephalon, diencephalon Midbrain - mesencephalon Hindbrain - metencephalon, myelencephalon
39
The telencephalon (part of forebrain) consists of... (x7)
``` Cerebral cortex Major fissures Major gyris Four lobes Limbic system Basal ganglia Cerebral commissures ```
40
The cerebral cortex consists of... (x2)
Neocortex | Hippocampus
41
The neocortex is composed of which two cell types? (+ description/distribution)
``` Pyramidal (long axons, thicker layer in motor cortex) and Stellate cells (short axons, connect to each other, thicker layer in visual cortex) ```
42
The six layers of the neocortex that precede the white matter are arranged as...
Layer 1 – axons and dendrites, few cell bodies Layer 2 – densely packed stellate, few small pyramidal Layer 3 – loosely packed stellate, intermediate size pyramidal Layer 4 – bands of densely packed stellate, no pyramidal Layer 5 – very large pyramidal, few loosely packed stellate Layer 6 – pyramidal of various size, loosely packed stellate Then the white matter – myelinated pyramidal cell axons, few cell bodies
43
Fissures are... (x1) | Plus three major fissures of the forebrain
Valleys (small one is a sulcus) Central fissure – central, left to right Lateral fissure – horizontal, roughly front to back, separating the parietal and temporal lobes Longitudinal fissure – central, posterior to anterior
44
Gyri are... (x1) | Plus four major gyri of the forebrain
Peaks Precentral gyrus – final gyrus of frontal lobe before central fissure Postcentral gyrus – first one of parietal lobe, behind central fissure Superior temporal gyrus – top one of temporal lobe, beneath lateral fissure Cingulate gyrus
45
The four lobes of the forebrain, plus functions
Frontal – executive control and planning at front, motor area at precentral gyrus Temporal – hearing and language at anterior, superior temporal gyrus Parietal – somatosensory area at postcentral gyrus Occipital – visual area
46
The limbic system in the forebrain is responsible for... (x4) And consists of... (x6)
``` The four F's - feeding, fighting, fleeing,fucking Amygdala - emotion Hippocampus – new memories Fornix Cingulate cortex Septum Mammillary bodies ```
47
The basal ganglia, in forebrain, consist of... (x5)
Amygdala Striatum - caudate and putamen Globus pallidus
48
The diencephalon, in forebrain, consists of... (x2 + functions)
Thalamus - main relay for sensory info | Hypothalamus - the four F's
49
The thalamus (in diencephalon, forebrain) contains which three major nuclei? (+ functions)
Lateral geniculate nucleus – first synapse after optic nerve leaves eye Medial geniculate nucleus – auditory relay Ventro posterior nucleus – sensorimotor relay
50
The midbrain (mesencephalon) consists of which two major divisions?
Tectum (dorsal) | Tegmentum (ventral
51
The tectum (dorsal side of mesencephalon/midbrain) consists of... (x2)
Superior colliculum - vital for sound orienting | Inferior colliculum
52
The tegmentum (ventral side of mesencephalon/midbrain) consists of... (x5)
Reticular formation Cerebral aqueduct Periaqueductal grey – involved internal pain management, sends pain-blocking signal down spinal cord Substantia nigra – involved in voluntary movement (check this); Red nucleus
53
Frozen Addict's in Boston were (x1) | And were important because... (x2)
Young people with Parkinson’s like symptoms All 25 found to be heroin users - manufacturer had accidentally created neurotoxin that targeted substantia nigra. Taught science how to induce Parkinson’s, led to modelling in animals
54
The hindbrain consists of which two major divisions
Metencephalon | Mylencephalon (medulla)
55
The metencephalon (in hindbrain) consists of... (x3)
Pons – wraps around the Reticular Formation Cerebellum – attached posterior to Pons/medulla
56
Damage/issues of the mylencephalon (medulla) are responsible for... (x2)
The origins of many movement disorders, | But also can entail some cognitive deficits
57
Multipolar neurons are... (x2)
Those with more than two processes extending from cell body | The most common type
58
Unipolar neurons are... (x1)
Neurons with one process extending from cell body
59
Bipolar neurons are... (x1)
Those with two processes extending from the cell body

PSYC2020 Q1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions