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Kinesiology > Wk 1: (Ch 1 & 6) Planes, Axes, Directions, Joint movements & Nervous Syst. relation to movement > Flashcards

Wk 1: (Ch 1 & 6) Planes, Axes, Directions, Joint movements & Nervous Syst. relation to movement Flashcards

1
Q

Describe anatomical position

A
  • standing erect
  • arms at side
  • palms forward
  • feet flat, parallel
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2
Q

Proximal means

A
  • towards the trunk

- closer to midline/trunk

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3
Q

Distal means

A

away from trunk

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4
Q

Proximal and distal typically refer to____?

A

the extremities

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5
Q

Medial means

A

toward midline

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6
Q

Lateral means

A

away from midline

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7
Q

Superior(cranial) means____or___?

A

towards the head or above another structure

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8
Q

Inferior(caudal) means ___or___?

A

toward the ground or below another structure

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9
Q

Anterior means

A

toward front of body/toward front

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10
Q

Other terms meaning anterior include ___and___

A

ventral

volar

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11
Q

Give an example of an anterior structure

A

the heart is anterior to the vertebral column

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12
Q

Posterior means

A

toward back of body/toward back

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13
Q

Dorsal refers to

A

the back

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14
Q

Example of a posterior strcuture

A

the heart is posterior to the sternum

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15
Q

where if the dorsal surface located on the foot?

A

on the top of the foot

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16
Q

location of the ventral surface of the foot?

A

the bottom of foot

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17
Q

Dorsum faces

A

up towards ceiling

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18
Q

Ventral surface is

A

plantar

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19
Q

Prone refers to

A

on stomach

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20
Q

Supine refers to

A

on back

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21
Q

What is pronation of the hand?

A

hand facing down

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22
Q

Magnus and Maximus refer to

A

a large surface

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23
Q

Minimus & Minimi refer to

A

a smaller surface

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24
Q

Longus means

A

long

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25
Q

Brevis means

A

short

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26
Q

Describe scapula protraction

A

rounding the shoulders forward

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27
Q

Describe Radial deviation

A

moving hand to thumb side

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28
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides body into left & right

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29
Q

What motions occur in the sagittal plane

A

flexion and extension

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30
Q

Frontal Plane

A

divides body into front & back

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31
Q

Motions that occur in the frontal plane

A

ABDuction & ADDuction

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32
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides body into top & bottom

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33
Q

Another name for transverse plane

A

horizontal plane

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34
Q

What are the axes of the body?

A

points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates

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35
Q

Motion occurring in the transverse plane

A

Rotation

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36
Q

Another way to say axis is always perpendicular to its plane

A

joint movement occurs IN a plane and AROUND an axis

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37
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Axes are always perpendicular to their plane

A

TRUE

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38
Q

The frontal(X) axis passes

A

horizontally-side to side

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39
Q

The frontal plane always intersects with

A

the sagittal axis

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40
Q

The frontal(X) axis passes___from___

A

horizontally, side to side

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41
Q

example of frontal(x) axis movement

A

hip flexion

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42
Q

The Sagittal(Z) axis runs from

A

side to side

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43
Q

example of sagittal(Z) axis movement

A

Arm abduction

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44
Q

The Sagittal(Z) axis runs___from___

A

horizontally, front to back

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45
Q

Example of sagittal(Z) axis movement

A

arm ABDuction

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46
Q

Example of sagittal(Z) axis movement

A

arm ABDuction

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47
Q

The Vertical axis is also called

A

the Y-axis

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48
Q

The vertical (Y) axis runs___from____

A

vertically, top to bottom

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49
Q

The vertical (Y) axis runs___from____

A

vertically, top to bottom

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50
Q

Example of Vertical(Y) axis movement

A

shaking head “no”

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51
Q

Sagittal(Z) axis is a point that runs through a joint from

A

front to back

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52
Q

Frontal (X) axis runs through a joint from

A

side to side

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53
Q

Vertical(Y)(Longitudinal) axis runs through a joint from

A

top to bottom

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54
Q

Flexion/Extension will always occur in the____plane around the____axis

A

Sagittal, Frontal

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55
Q

Abduction/Adduction will always occur in the____plane around the____axis

A

Frontal, Sagittal

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56
Q

Radial and Ulnar deviation of the wrist will also occur in the____plane around the____axis

A

Frontal, Sagittal

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57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The thumb’s movements(flexion/extension & abduction/adduction) do not occur in the traditional planes

A

TRUE

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58
Q

List all the joint motions of the Sagittal Plane/Frontal(X) axis

A

Flexion

Extension

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59
Q

List all the joint motions of the Frontal Plane/Sagittal(Z) axis

A

Abduction/Adduction
Radial/ulnar deviation
Eversion/Inversion

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60
Q

List all the joint motions of the Transverse Plane/Vertical/Longitudinal (Y) axis

A
  • medial-lateral Rotation
  • Supination/Pronation
  • right/left Rotation
  • Horizontal abduction/adduction
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61
Q

Plane and Axis for each movement:

Cervical flexion

A

Sagittal Plane

Frontal (X) Axis

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62
Q

Plane and Axis for each movement:
Glenohumeral internal rotation
(Elbow flexed at side 90 degrees)

A

Transverse Plane

Vertical (Y) Axis

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63
Q

Plane and Axis for each movement:

Trunk side bending

A

Frontal Plane

Sagittal (Z) Axis

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64
Q

Plane and Axis for each movement:

Radial/Ulnar Deviation

A

Frontal Plane

Sagittal (Z) Axis

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65
Q

Plane and Axis for each movement:

Hip abduction

A

Frontal Plane

Sagittal (Z) Axis

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66
Q

Plane and Axis for each movement:

Elbow Flexion

A

Sagittal Plane

Frontal (X) Axis

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67
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Only part of the Nervous System plays a role in movement

A

FALSE

ALL/Whole Nervous systems plays a role in movement

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68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Dysfunction of the Nervous System does not alter or affect movement

A

FALSE

Dysfunction of any part of the Nervous System can alter or affect movement

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69
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) includes

1.___2.___

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems

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70
Q

The Sympathetic NS generally

A

initiates flight/flight responses

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71
Q

The Parasympathetic NS generally

A

initiates relaxation responses

72
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Includes

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Brachial Plexus
  • Spinal nerves
  • Lumbosacral Plexus
73
Q

Can cranial nerves regenerate? Why?

74
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes

A

the brain and spinal cord

75
Q

The Nervous System is organized into the

1___2___3___

A
  1. Autonomic NS
  2. Peripheral NS
  3. Central NS
76
Q

Dendrites are___structures and___info from the environment

A

sensory, get

77
Q

Axons are___structures and___to the body

A

motor, send/give info

78
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are found

A

between synapses

79
Q

Myelin sheath is

A

fatty sheath that helps increase communication speed between neurons

80
Q

Synapses are where

A

chemical or electrical communication between neurons occurs

81
Q

Afferent neurons: sensory or motor?

82
Q

Efferent neurons: sensory or motor?

83
Q

What are tracts?

A

myelinated nerve fibers in CNS that carry specific types of info
(pain, temperature, proprioception)

84
Q

Motor neurons are

A

efferent neurons

85
Q

Sensory neurons are

A

afferent neurons

86
Q

the Anterior Horn

87
Q

the Posterior Horn

A

more sensory

88
Q

Neuron pathway in muscle

A

Dorsal Nerve root> posterior horn> anterior horn for efferent/motor response

89
Q

Proprioceptors are found in which 3 places

A
  1. muslces
  2. joints
  3. connective tissue
90
Q

Proprioception refers to

A

the body’s position in space

91
Q

The stretch reflex happens where? fx?

A
  • in muscle spindles of muscle

- regulates mm stretch

92
Q

What happens when a muscle is stretched too much? Which reflex is responsible?

A
  • Too much stretch triggers the muscle to contract in order to prevent injury
  • Stretch reflex
93
Q

The Golgi Tendon Reflex happens where?

A

Golgi Tendon Organ in the tendon close to where muscle meets

94
Q

Describe the fx of the Golgi Tendon Reflex?

A

trigger muscle relaxation when contraction is too forceful

95
Q

Summarize reflexive movement steps

A
  • fast
    1) Sensation is felt in the prefrontal cortex
    2) plan is sent to the motor cortex
    3) Plan sent to muscle
    4) plan checked w/ cerebellum
96
Q

brain’s relation to movement:

Frontal lobe

A

controls

  • motor movement
  • expressive speech
97
Q

brain’s relation to movement:

Occipital Lobe

A

controls

  • Vision: shape recognition, size, color,
  • Acuity
98
Q

brain’s relation to movement:

Parietal Lobe

A 
controls 
 -Perception (how we see 
  things)
 -Gross sensation(touch, pressure)
 -Fine sensation (texture, weight, size, shape)
99
Q

brain’s relation to movement:

Temporal Lobe

A 
controls 
 -speech functions 
 -understanding
 -some hearing 
  components
100
Q

brain’s relation to movement:

Thalamus

A

-Relay station for sensation

101
Q

Where is pain perceived?

A

in the thalamus

102
Q

brain’s relation to movement:

Basal ganglia

A

control

-coordination

103
Q

brain’s relation to movement:

Cerebellum

A

controls

  • muscle coordination
  • muscle tone
  • posture
  • balance
104
Q

Major difference between the left and right brains

A

Left Brain: Analytical

Right brain: Emotional, creative

105
Q

the Right Brain is

A
  • emotional

- creative

106
Q

the Left Brain is

A

analytical

107
Q

Why must we perform sensory tests on clients/patients?

A

In order to test/know which tract is affected on ct.

108
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Every tract has its own function for sensation

109
Q

The Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) is

A

a neuron that synapses above the anterior horn

110
Q

The Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) includes:

A

the brain and spinal cord

111
Q

The Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) separates

A

upper and lower area lesions

112
Q

The Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) is

A

a neuron that synapses below the anterior horn

113
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

(UMN) legions regenerate

A

FALSE

UMN legions DO NOT regenerate

114
Q

UMN Legions are located

A

proximal to the anterior horn

115
Q

LMN Legions are located where?

A

cell body or axons of LMN

116
Q

Injury to UMN and LMN typically results in

A

paralysis

- with differing clinical signs

117
Q

UMN diagnoses include:

A
  • SCI- spinal cord injuries
  • MS- Multiple Sclerosis
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • CVA- Cerebral Vascular Accidents
  • TBI- Traumatic Brain Injury
118
Q

LMN diagnoses include:

A
  • Muscular Dystrophy
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Myasthenia Gravis
  • Peripheral Nerve Injury
119
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion is a specific or general term?

A

general term

120
Q

What clinical signs are present with UMN lesion deficits?

A
  • Spastic paralysis
  • Hyperreflexia:
  • Babinski Reflex
  • Clonus
121
Q

A motor neuron whose cell bodies are located in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum is called

A

an Upper motor neuron

122
Q

Motor neurons whose cell bodies are located IN the anterior horn are called

A

Lower motor neurons

123
Q

Spastic paralysis involves ________________and occurs in ____MN legions

A
  • tight hard muscles that may twitch uncontrollably or spasm

- Upper Motor neuron legions

124
Q

Flaccid paralysis causes muscles to _____and become_____, resulting in_____. Flaccid paralysis results from _____MN legions

A
  • shrink
  • flabby
  • muscle weakness
  • Lower Motor neuron
125
Q

Hyperreflexia refers to_____ and results from _____MN legions. It can look like _____ and _____ tendencies.

A
  • overactive or overresponsive reflexes
  • Upper motor neuron legions
  • twitching
  • spastic
126
Q

when does the Babinski reflex occur? It is present in those with _____MN legions

A
  • after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked

- Upper motor neuron legions

127
Q

Clonus, also described as leg jumping, is _____ and _____muscle contractions caused by lesions on the _ _ _.

A
  • Involuntary
  • rhythmic
  • Upper Motor Neurons
128
Q

What clinical sigs describe LMN diagnoses?

A
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Fasciculations
  • Fibrillations
  • Hyporeflexia
129
Q

Why does muscle atrophy occur in LMN lesions?

A

communication does not reach the muscles causing them to waste/thin away

130
Q

Muscle atrophy means muscles are _____or loss of muscle _____

A
  • wasting (thinning) away

- tissue

131
Q

Fasciculations are_____ _____

A

muscle twitches

132
Q

Fibrillation is the rapid ____/_____ of individual _____ fibers.

A
  • twitching/contraction

- muscle

133
Q

Hyporeflexia refers to _____being _____ responsive to _____.

A
  • muscles
  • less
  • stimuli
134
Q

Pain in hand comes from where?

A

Not from the hand, it may be referred pain

135
Q

How can we(OT-OTA) treat if we don’t know where to treat?

A

By looking at myotomes, dermatomes, or performing other specialized tests

136
Q

What is referred pain?

A

when pain is felt in one part of the body but is caused by injury to/in another part of the body.

137
Q

back pain caused by an injured pancreas is an example of_____ _____

A

referred pain

138
Q

An area innervated by SENSORY fibers of a particular spinal nerve is a _____

139
Q

Dermatomes often _____and have no exact _____

A

overlap, location

140
Q

Dermatomes allow _____ of the ____cord and _____ damage

A

assessment, spinal, nerve

141
Q

How do we assess person with a spinal cord injury?

A

dermatomes

142
Q

set of muscles innervated by MOTOR fibers of a particular spinal nerve

143
Q

Myotomes allow assessment of the _____ cord and nerve _____.

A

spinal, function

144
Q

Spinal nerve C5 tests

  1. elbow ____
  2. Shoulder ___
A

flexion, ABDuction

145
Q

Spinal nerve C6 tests wrist_____ & elbow _____

A

extension, flexion

146
Q

Spinal nerve C7 tests

1) Elbow _____
2) Wrist _____
3) Finger _____

A

extension, flexion, extension

147
Q

Spinal nerve C8 tests

1) Finger _____
2) Thumb _____ & _____
3) Finger ___ & ___

A

flexion, flexion & extension, ABDuction & ADDuction

148
Q

Spinal nerve T1 tests

finger _____ & _____

A

ABDuction & ADDuction

149
Q

How many plexi exist in the body? Name them.

A 
4
1 - Cervical Plexus (C1-C4)
2- Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
3- Lumbar Plexus (LA1-L4)
4- Sacral Plexus (L5-S3)
150
Q

What roles do plexi play in the body?

A
  • they add redundancy meaning, if 1 area is injured, another takes over
  • communicate information to the brain about pain, temperature, and pressure.
151
Q

Plexi communicate information about _____, _____, and _____ to the _____.

A

pain, temperature, pressure, brain.

152
Q

Injuries ____ dermatomes but don’t _____get rid of the sensation.

A

alter, completely

153
Q

allow assessment of the spinal cord and nerve DAMAGE

A

Dermatomes

154
Q

allow assessment of the spinal cord and nerve FUNCTION

155
Q

Postural faults can _____ the nerves. An example of this is: depressed shoulders stretching/tensioning of nerves through the brachial plexus causes distal paresthesias and/or_____

A

tension, pain

156
Q

What can be done to correct/achieve desired posture?

A
  • Strengthening exercises
  • Stretching
  • altering client’s environment
157
Q

When assessing a client with pain, we start _____

A

proximal/ly

158
Q

How can we restore proper positioning of the body?

a) _____ tight muscles
b) _____ long muscles
c) Identify _____ that relieve symptoms for work, ADL, IADL tasks
d) _____ tasks, positions, tools, environment to allow occupational performance without _____ or _____
e) Use _____ analysis to identify causative factors & what can be _____. i.e., Biomechanics for ADL/IADL. ergonomics

A

stretching, shorten, positions, modify, pain, symptoms, task, changed.

159
Q

What are the 3 main nerves used for hand function?

A
  1. Median nerve
  2. Ulnar nerve
  3. Radial nerve
160
Q

Ape hand results from injury of the _____ nerve

161
Q

Wrist drop results from _____ nerve injury

162
Q

Claw hand is a result of the _____nerve

163
Q

What is Ape hand?

A

inability to abduct or oppose the thumb

164
Q

the biggest functional deficit of Ape hand is the

A

inability to oppose the thumb

165
Q

What is claw hand?

A

condition of curved or bent fingers resulting in hand appearing claw-like

166
Q

Describe wrist drop

A

inability to actively extend the hand at the wrist along with decreased finger extension

167
Q

Which nerve is associated with wrist drop?

Remember “radial wrist”

A

Radial Nerve

168
Q

Which nerve is associated with claw hand?

Remember “ulnar claw”

A

Ulnar Nerve

169
Q

Which nerve is associated with ape hand?

Remember “median ape”

A

Median Nerve

170
Q

What are the 3 main nerves responsible for hand function?

A
  1. Median nerve
  2. Ulnar nerve
  3. Radial nerve
171
Q 
The median nerve facilitates motor innervation of which hand muscles?
L\_\_\_\_\_
O\_\_\_\_\_
A\_\_\_\_\_
F\_\_\_\_\_
A

Lumbricals 1&2
Opponens Pollicis
ABDuctor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis

172
Q

The Radial nerve facilitates motor innervation of which hand muscles?
W____ T____ and F____ Extensors
Ab____ Pollicis Longus
Sup___

A

Wrist, Thumb and Finger Extensors
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Supinator

173
Q

The Radial nerve facilitates Sensory innervation of which hand muscles?
Dorsal __________

A

Dorsal D1-Radial 4 to PIP joint

174
Q

The Medial nerve facilitates Sensory innervation of which hand muscles?
Volar __________

A

Volar D1 - Radial 4

175
Q 
The Ulnar nerve facilitates motor innervation of which hand muscles?
FCU
FDP
Interossei
ADD Pollicis
FPB
A 
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Interossei
ADDuctor Pollicis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
176
Q

The Ulnar nerve facilitates Sensory innervation of which hand muscles?
Volar__________ AND __________

A

Volar Ulnar D4-D5 & Ulnar palm

Kinesiology (2 decks)

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