Wk 1: (Ch 1 & 6) Planes, Axes, Directions, Joint movements & Nervous Syst. relation to movement Flashcards
1
Q
Describe anatomical position
A
- standing erect
- arms at side
- palms forward
- feet flat, parallel
2
Q
Proximal means
A
- towards the trunk
- closer to midline/trunk
3
Q
Distal means
A
away from trunk
4
Q
Proximal and distal typically refer to____?
A
the extremities
5
Q
Medial means
A
toward midline
6
Q
Lateral means
A
away from midline
7
Q
Superior(cranial) means____or___?
A
towards the head or above another structure
8
Q
Inferior(caudal) means ___or___?
A
toward the ground or below another structure
9
Q
Anterior means
A
toward front of body/toward front
10
Q
Other terms meaning anterior include ___and___
A
ventral
volar
11
Q
Give an example of an anterior structure
A
the heart is anterior to the vertebral column
12
Q
Posterior means
A
toward back of body/toward back
13
Q
Dorsal refers to
A
the back
14
Q
Example of a posterior strcuture
A
the heart is posterior to the sternum
15
Q
where if the dorsal surface located on the foot?
A
on the top of the foot
16
Q
location of the ventral surface of the foot?
A
the bottom of foot
17
Q
Dorsum faces
A
up towards ceiling
18
Q
Ventral surface is
A
plantar
19
Q
Prone refers to
A
on stomach
20
Q
Supine refers to
A
on back
21
Q
What is pronation of the hand?
A
hand facing down
22
Q
Magnus and Maximus refer to
A
a large surface
23
Q
Minimus & Minimi refer to
A
a smaller surface
24
Q
Longus means
A
long
25
Brevis means
short
26
Describe scapula protraction
rounding the shoulders forward
27
Describe Radial deviation
moving hand to thumb side
28
Sagittal plane
divides body into left & right
29
What motions occur in the sagittal plane
flexion and extension
30
Frontal Plane
divides body into front & back
31
Motions that occur in the frontal plane
ABDuction & ADDuction
32
Transverse plane
divides body into top & bottom
33
Another name for transverse plane
horizontal plane
34
What are the axes of the body?
points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates
35
Motion occurring in the transverse plane
Rotation
36
Another way to say axis is always perpendicular to its plane
joint movement occurs IN a plane and AROUND an axis
37
TRUE or FALSE
| Axes are always perpendicular to their plane
TRUE
38
The frontal(X) axis passes
horizontally-side to side
39
The frontal plane always intersects with
the sagittal axis
40
The frontal(X) axis passes___from___
horizontally, side to side
41
example of frontal(x) axis movement
hip flexion
42
The Sagittal(Z) axis runs from
side to side
43
example of sagittal(Z) axis movement
Arm abduction
44
The Sagittal(Z) axis runs___from___
horizontally, front to back
45
Example of sagittal(Z) axis movement
arm ABDuction
46
Example of sagittal(Z) axis movement
arm ABDuction
47
The Vertical axis is also called
the Y-axis
48
The vertical (Y) axis runs___from____
vertically, top to bottom
49
The vertical (Y) axis runs___from____
vertically, top to bottom
50
Example of Vertical(Y) axis movement
shaking head "no"
51
Sagittal(Z) axis is a point that runs through a joint from
front to back
52
Frontal (X) axis runs through a joint from
side to side
53
Vertical(Y)(Longitudinal) axis runs through a joint from
top to bottom
54
Flexion/Extension will always occur in the____plane around the____axis
Sagittal, Frontal
55
Abduction/Adduction will always occur in the____plane around the____axis
Frontal, Sagittal
56
Radial and Ulnar deviation of the wrist will also occur in the____plane around the____axis
Frontal, Sagittal
57
TRUE OR FALSE
| The thumb's movements(flexion/extension & abduction/adduction) do not occur in the traditional planes
TRUE
58
List all the joint motions of the Sagittal Plane/Frontal(X) axis
Flexion
| Extension
59
List all the joint motions of the Frontal Plane/Sagittal(Z) axis
Abduction/Adduction
Radial/ulnar deviation
Eversion/Inversion
60
List all the joint motions of the Transverse Plane/Vertical/Longitudinal (Y) axis
- medial-lateral Rotation
- Supination/Pronation
- right/left Rotation
- Horizontal abduction/adduction
61
Plane and Axis for each movement:
| Cervical flexion
Sagittal Plane
| Frontal (X) Axis
62
Plane and Axis for each movement:
Glenohumeral internal rotation
(Elbow flexed at side 90 degrees)
Transverse Plane
| Vertical (Y) Axis
63
Plane and Axis for each movement:
| Trunk side bending
Frontal Plane
| Sagittal (Z) Axis
64
Plane and Axis for each movement:
| Radial/Ulnar Deviation
Frontal Plane
| Sagittal (Z) Axis
65
Plane and Axis for each movement:
| Hip abduction
Frontal Plane
| Sagittal (Z) Axis
66
Plane and Axis for each movement:
| Elbow Flexion
Sagittal Plane
| Frontal (X) Axis
67
TRUE or FALSE
| Only part of the Nervous System plays a role in movement
FALSE
| ALL/Whole Nervous systems plays a role in movement
68
TRUE OR FALSE
| Dysfunction of the Nervous System does not alter or affect movement
FALSE
| Dysfunction of any part of the Nervous System can alter or affect movement
69
The Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) includes
| 1.___2.___
The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems
70
The Sympathetic NS generally
initiates flight/flight responses
71
The Parasympathetic NS generally
initiates relaxation responses
72
The Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Includes
- Cranial nerves
- Brachial Plexus
- Spinal nerves
- Lumbosacral Plexus
73
Can cranial nerves regenerate? Why?
No
74
The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes
the brain and spinal cord
75
The Nervous System is organized into the
| 1___2___3___
1. Autonomic NS
2. Peripheral NS
3. Central NS
76
Dendrites are___structures and___info from the environment
sensory, get
77
Axons are___structures and___to the body
motor, send/give info
78
Nodes of Ranvier are found
between synapses
79
Myelin sheath is
fatty sheath that helps increase communication speed between neurons
80
Synapses are where
chemical or electrical communication between neurons occurs
81
Afferent neurons: sensory or motor?
Sensory
82
Efferent neurons: sensory or motor?
Motor
83
What are tracts?
myelinated nerve fibers in CNS that carry specific types of info
(pain, temperature, proprioception)
84
Motor neurons are
efferent neurons
85
Sensory neurons are
afferent neurons
86
the Anterior Horn
motor
87
the Posterior Horn
more sensory
88
Neuron pathway in muscle
Dorsal Nerve root> posterior horn> anterior horn for efferent/motor response
89
Proprioceptors are found in which 3 places
1. muslces
2. joints
3. connective tissue
90
Proprioception refers to
the body's position in space
91
The stretch reflex happens where? fx?
- in muscle spindles of muscle
| - regulates mm stretch
92
What happens when a muscle is stretched too much? Which reflex is responsible?
- Too much stretch triggers the muscle to contract in order to prevent injury
- Stretch reflex
93
The Golgi Tendon Reflex happens where?
Golgi Tendon Organ in the tendon close to where muscle meets
94
Describe the fx of the Golgi Tendon Reflex?
trigger muscle relaxation when contraction is too forceful
95
Summarize reflexive movement steps
- fast
1) Sensation is felt in the prefrontal cortex
2) plan is sent to the motor cortex
3) Plan sent to muscle
4) plan checked w/ cerebellum
96
brain's relation to movement:
| Frontal lobe
controls
- motor movement
- expressive speech
97
brain's relation to movement:
| Occipital Lobe
controls
- Vision: shape recognition, size, color,
- Acuity
98
brain's relation to movement:
| Parietal Lobe
```
controls
-Perception (how we see
things)
-Gross sensation(touch, pressure)
-Fine sensation (texture, weight, size, shape)
```
99
brain's relation to movement:
| Temporal Lobe
```
controls
-speech functions
-understanding
-some hearing
components
```
100
brain's relation to movement:
| Thalamus
-Relay station for sensation
101
Where is pain perceived?
in the thalamus
102
brain's relation to movement:
| Basal ganglia
control
| -coordination
103
brain's relation to movement:
| Cerebellum
controls
- muscle coordination
- muscle tone
- posture
- balance
104
Major difference between the left and right brains
Left Brain: Analytical
| Right brain: Emotional, creative
105
the Right Brain is
- emotional
| - creative
106
the Left Brain is
analytical
107
Why must we perform sensory tests on clients/patients?
In order to test/know which tract is affected on ct.
108
TRUE OR FALSE
| Every tract has its own function for sensation
TRUE
109
The Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) is
a neuron that synapses above the anterior horn
110
The Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) includes:
the brain and spinal cord
111
The Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) separates
upper and lower area lesions
112
The Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) is
a neuron that synapses below the anterior horn
113
TRUE OR FALSE
| (UMN) legions regenerate
FALSE
| UMN legions DO NOT regenerate
114
UMN Legions are located
proximal to the anterior horn
115
LMN Legions are located where?
cell body or axons of LMN
116
Injury to UMN and LMN typically results in
paralysis
| - with differing clinical signs
117
UMN diagnoses include:
- SCI- spinal cord injuries
- MS- Multiple Sclerosis
- Parkinson's Disease
- CVA- Cerebral Vascular Accidents
- TBI- Traumatic Brain Injury
118
LMN diagnoses include:
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Poliomyelitis
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Peripheral Nerve Injury
119
Upper motor neuron lesion is a specific or general term?
general term
120
What clinical signs are present with UMN lesion deficits?
- Spastic paralysis
- Hyperreflexia:
- Babinski Reflex
- Clonus
121
A motor neuron whose cell bodies are located in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum is called
an Upper motor neuron
122
Motor neurons whose cell bodies are located IN the anterior horn are called
Lower motor neurons
123
Spastic paralysis involves ________________and occurs in ____MN legions
- tight hard muscles that may twitch uncontrollably or spasm
| - Upper Motor neuron legions
124
Flaccid paralysis causes muscles to _____and become_____, resulting in_____. Flaccid paralysis results from _____MN legions
- shrink
- flabby
- muscle weakness
- Lower Motor neuron
125
Hyperreflexia refers to_____ and results from _____MN legions. It can look like _____ and _____ tendencies.
- overactive or overresponsive reflexes
- Upper motor neuron legions
- twitching
- spastic
126
when does the Babinski reflex occur? It is present in those with _____MN legions
- after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked
| - Upper motor neuron legions
127
Clonus, also described as leg jumping, is _____ and _____muscle contractions caused by lesions on the _ _ _.
- Involuntary
- rhythmic
- Upper Motor Neurons
128
What clinical sigs describe LMN diagnoses?
- Flaccid paralysis
- Muscle atrophy
- Fasciculations
- Fibrillations
- Hyporeflexia
129
Why does muscle atrophy occur in LMN lesions?
communication does not reach the muscles causing them to waste/thin away
130
Muscle atrophy means muscles are _____or loss of muscle _____
- wasting (thinning) away
| - tissue
131
Fasciculations are_____ _____
muscle twitches
132
Fibrillation is the rapid ____/_____ of individual _____ fibers.
- twitching/contraction
| - muscle
133
Hyporeflexia refers to _____being _____ responsive to _____.
- muscles
- less
- stimuli
134
Pain in hand comes from where?
Not from the hand, it may be referred pain
135
How can we(OT-OTA) treat if we don't know where to treat?
By looking at myotomes, dermatomes, or performing other specialized tests
136
What is referred pain?
when pain is felt in one part of the body but is caused by injury to/in another part of the body.
137
back pain caused by an injured pancreas is an example of_____ _____
referred pain
138
An area innervated by SENSORY fibers of a particular spinal nerve is a _____
dermatome
139
Dermatomes often _____and have no exact _____
overlap, location
140
Dermatomes allow _____ of the ____cord and _____ damage
assessment, spinal, nerve
141
How do we assess person with a spinal cord injury?
dermatomes
142
set of muscles innervated by MOTOR fibers of a particular spinal nerve
myotome
143
Myotomes allow assessment of the _____ cord and nerve _____.
spinal, function
144
Spinal nerve C5 tests
1. elbow ____
2. Shoulder ___
flexion, ABDuction
145
Spinal nerve C6 tests wrist_____ & elbow _____
extension, flexion
146
Spinal nerve C7 tests
1) Elbow _____
2) Wrist _____
3) Finger _____
extension, flexion, extension
147
Spinal nerve C8 tests
1) Finger _____
2) Thumb _____ & _____
3) Finger ___ & ___
flexion, flexion & extension, ABDuction & ADDuction
148
Spinal nerve T1 tests
| finger _____ & _____
ABDuction & ADDuction
149
How many plexi exist in the body? Name them.
```
4
1 - Cervical Plexus (C1-C4)
2- Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
3- Lumbar Plexus (LA1-L4)
4- Sacral Plexus (L5-S3)
```
150
What roles do plexi play in the body?
- they add redundancy meaning, if 1 area is injured, another takes over
- communicate information to the brain about pain, temperature, and pressure.
151
Plexi communicate information about _____, _____, and _____ to the _____.
pain, temperature, pressure, brain.
152
Injuries ____ dermatomes but don't _____get rid of the sensation.
alter, completely
153
allow assessment of the spinal cord and nerve DAMAGE
Dermatomes
154
allow assessment of the spinal cord and nerve FUNCTION
Myotomes
155
Postural faults can _____ the nerves. An example of this is: depressed shoulders stretching/tensioning of nerves through the brachial plexus causes distal paresthesias and/or_____
tension, pain
156
What can be done to correct/achieve desired posture?
- Strengthening exercises
- Stretching
- altering client's environment
157
When assessing a client with pain, we start _____
proximal/ly
158
How can we restore proper positioning of the body?
a) _____ tight muscles
b) _____ long muscles
c) Identify _____ that relieve symptoms for work, ADL, IADL tasks
d) _____ tasks, positions, tools, environment to allow occupational performance without _____ or _____
e) Use _____ analysis to identify causative factors & what can be _____. i.e., Biomechanics for ADL/IADL. ergonomics
stretching, shorten, positions, modify, pain, symptoms, task, changed.
159
What are the 3 main nerves used for hand function?
1. Median nerve
2. Ulnar nerve
3. Radial nerve
160
Ape hand results from injury of the _____ nerve
Median
161
Wrist drop results from _____ nerve injury
Radial
162
Claw hand is a result of the _____nerve
Ulnar
163
What is Ape hand?
inability to abduct or oppose the thumb
164
the biggest functional deficit of Ape hand is the
inability to oppose the thumb
165
What is claw hand?
condition of curved or bent fingers resulting in hand appearing claw-like
166
Describe wrist drop
inability to actively extend the hand at the wrist along with decreased finger extension
167
Which nerve is associated with wrist drop?
| Remember "radial wrist"
Radial Nerve
168
Which nerve is associated with claw hand?
| Remember "ulnar claw"
Ulnar Nerve
169
Which nerve is associated with ape hand?
| Remember "median ape"
Median Nerve
170
What are the 3 main nerves responsible for hand function?
1. Median nerve
2. Ulnar nerve
3. Radial nerve
171
```
The median nerve facilitates motor innervation of which hand muscles?
L_____
O_____
A_____
F_____
```
Lumbricals 1&2
Opponens Pollicis
ABDuctor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
172
The Radial nerve facilitates motor innervation of which hand muscles?
W____ T____ and F____ Extensors
Ab____ Pollicis Longus
Sup___
Wrist, Thumb and Finger Extensors
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Supinator
173
The Radial nerve facilitates Sensory innervation of which hand muscles?
Dorsal __________
Dorsal D1-Radial 4 to PIP joint
174
The Medial nerve facilitates Sensory innervation of which hand muscles?
Volar __________
Volar D1 - Radial 4
175
```
The Ulnar nerve facilitates motor innervation of which hand muscles?
FCU
FDP
Interossei
ADD Pollicis
FPB
```
```
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Interossei
ADDuctor Pollicis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
```
176
The Ulnar nerve facilitates Sensory innervation of which hand muscles?
Volar__________ AND __________
Volar Ulnar D4-D5 & Ulnar palm
