Wk 1 Flashcards
What do mechanoreceptors respond to?
Physical force, pressure, stretch of muscle
What do photoreceptors respond to?
Light
What do thermoreceptors respond to?
Internal and external temperature change
What do chemoreceptors respond to?
Dissolved chemicals which occur during taste and smell + changes in internal body chemistry (e.g variations in O2, CO2 or H+. Tells body to breathe harder during PA)
What do Nociceptors respond to?
Tissue damage
What is Integration
Information received from sensory receptors, and the CNS processes the information to then send out a response
What glands can secrete hormones?
Pancreas - blood sugar
Adrenal - salt and water balance
Pineal - sleep wake cycle
What is the process of homeostasis
Receptors -> Integration Centre -> Hypothalamus -> The body then takes appropriate action to maintain homeostasis
E.g cold outside -> receptors send signal to integration centre -> signal sent to the control centre (hypothalamus) -> body starts shivering, put warmer clothes on, vasoconstriction etc.
What are the two divisions of the PNS
Motor division
Sensory division
What does the motor division of the PNS do
Transmit action potentials from the CNS to organs, limbs and skin
What does the sensory division of the PNS do
Transmits action potentials from the sensory receptors to the CNS
What are the 2 systems within the PNS
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
How many afferent (PNS->CNS) cranial nerves are there?
12
How many efferent (CNS->PNS) cranial nerves are there?
31
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there
8
How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there
12
How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there
5
How many pairs of sacral nerves are there
5
How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there
1
Where is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system located
Within the autonomic nervous system (in the PNS)
What system is known as fight or flight?
Sympathetic
What are the role of dendrites
receive input from another nerve cell
Where is a synapse present
At the end of an axon, connecting to another dendrite
What is also know as the nucleus of the neuron
Soma
What is the role of the Soma
Protein synthesis
What is the axon helix and where is it located
Contains voltage gated channels and is where action potentials originate
Within the Soma
Are unipolar neurons found in humans
No
What are the primary sensory neuron’s of the PNS
Bipolar and pseudounipolar
Where are multipolar neurons most commonly found
Nervous system
What are the gaps in the myelin sheath that speed up action potentials called
Nodes of Ranvier
What is myelin made of
Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
What is it called when action potentials speed up through the nodes of ranvier?
Saltatory Conduction
What colour are unmyelinated axons
grey
What do glial cells do
Regulate nerve firing rates, plasticity, and immune response
What glial cells are found in the CNS
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
What glial cells are found in the PNS
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
