Winners and losers from the first industrial age

Question 1

What did growth in the British Economy result in

Answer 1

Technologies that helped eliminate “bottlenecks” that were limiting trade industry

Question 2

why couldn’t industries switch from wood to coal for fuel

Answer 2

Because it ruined production process

Question 3

what was a major development in energy sources

Answer 3

shift from renewable to non renewable energy sources

Question 4

what was wood as a fuel source switched for?

Answer 4

Coal and Oil

Question 5

what consequences arose from using new energy sources

Answer 5

pollution

Question 6

What does “the age of enlightenment” entail

Answer 6

Universal Human rights, belief in progress

Question 7

Why did artisans and engineers not need a university education

Answer 7

technological innovations during the first industrial revolution did not rely on scientific knowledge

Question 8

how was the steam engine made?

Answer 8

through trial and error, craft knowledge, and tinkering. very little scientific knowledge was involved

Question 9

Which two people improved the steam engine

Answer 9

John Smeaton and James Watt, who eliminated the need to heat and cool cylinder by developing method to keep cylinder hot throughout engine cycle.

Question 10

How was the industrialized era characterized

Answer 10

by production of high-volume, low-quality goods, low wages for workers

Question 11

Why was London one of the winners of first industrial age

Answer 11

Had many manufacturing workers by the mid 19th century

Question 12

How did London’s industrialization help with agriculture and geography?

Answer 12

helped shift England from agricultural and rural based society to urban and industrialized one

Question 13

How was London effected negatively?

Answer 13

Need for resources made new methods of transport necessary, also London was extremely polluted as coal served as one of the main sources of fuel for London

Question 14

what were other highly successful industries in London?

Answer 14

Beer brewing was also highly successful as beer was safer to drink than water

Question 15

How was Manchester one of the winners of the First Industrial Age?

Answer 15

Experienced unprecedented growth with industrialization

Question 16

How did the geographic location of Manchester benefit it’s industries?

Answer 16

Location of city made it “natural” center for cotton manufacturing: damp air, lots of available coal, Bridgewater’s canals

Question 17

why was the modern system in Manchester delayed by 40 years?

Answer 17

According to Misa this 40-year delay was result of a gender shift in labor as well as structural shifts in business community

Question 18

what was an example of a technical shift that delayed women’s progress?

Answer 18

The Arkwright as opposed to the spinning jenny. Another example is the spinning mules which required lots of physical strength and made it more difficult for independent female spinners

Question 19

What are examples of women losing in the first industrial revolution?

Answer 19

Women went from skilled at-home labor to unskilled labor in factories, weaving became “female work” (less skill and less pay)

Question 20

How was Sheffield one of the winners of the industrial age?

Answer 20

produced high quality steel which made up majority of British market, and steel products

Question 21

What was a difference between Manchester and Sheffield that put Sheffield ahead?

Answer 21

Most laborers were specialized skilled workers who worked in small workshops, homes, offices - these workers did NOT work in factories

Question 22

How was steel making done?

Answer 22

Not in large factories but small and medium businesses where production occurred in many different centers; products moved from building to building

Question 23

what do London, Manchester, and Sheffield have in common?

Answer 23

Lack of water and poor sanitary conditions of city, link between steam and unsanitary living conditions

Question 24

What is imperialism? and colonization?

Answer 24

Imperialism is a political philosophy which fights for expanding a countries rule by extending political and economic control over other territories. Colonization involves countries establishing colonies all over the world as a way of expanding empire.

Question 25

Why did Europe believe they were best qualified for colonization?

Answer 25

They saw themselves as the most progressive and advanced civilization in the world, they believed this due to their possession of firearms, machines, and vast scientific knowledge were presented as “proof” of European superiority

Question 26

What explanation did Christian missionaries use to justify conversion

Answer 26

That wester scientific and technological dominance was proof that christianity was a superior religion

Question 27

What did the Westerners try to emphasize?

Answer 27

the idea that chrisitianity was foundation behind scientific and technological achievements and that science and technology were “handmaidens” (servants) to christian religion

Question 28

What was the westerners way of thinking about nature?

Answer 28

that it was meant to be used and exploited for their own purposes, nature was increasingly seen as an object to be studied and belief was that human needs could be met by reshaping natural environment

Question 29

How did the Westerners compare nature and Non-western people

Answer 29

They believed they were superior to nature and assumed responsibility for lower beings, metaphor was used to justify enforcing beliefs to non-westerners

Question 30

How did Europeans justify taking raw materials needed for industrialization

Answer 30

Many non-western societies did not try to investigate, dominate, or control nature, so Europeans justified taking the resources for themselves in the name of industrialization

Question 31

British Colonizers were technically winning because why?

Answer 31

Indian taxpayers ended up paying for majority of the products, British government imposed 3% duty on Indian produced cotton while reducing tariffs on Britain exported goods.

Question 32

what was the Indian Mutiny?

Answer 32

Indian soldiers rebelled against British after being forced to load Enfield rifle cartridges by biting open cartridges that contained beef or pork fat

Question 33

what was the importance of the railroad?

Answer 33

Helped colonizers keep control of their districts and suppressed rebellions - military could be moved quickly