Winners and losers from the first industrial age Flashcards
Unit 5 and 6
What did growth in the British Economy result in
Technologies that helped eliminate “bottlenecks” that were limiting trade industry
why couldn’t industries switch from wood to coal for fuel
Because it ruined production process
what was a major development in energy sources
shift from renewable to non renewable energy sources
what was wood as a fuel source switched for?
Coal and Oil
what consequences arose from using new energy sources
pollution
What does “the age of enlightenment” entail
Universal Human rights, belief in progress
Why did artisans and engineers not need a university education
technological innovations during the first industrial revolution did not rely on scientific knowledge
how was the steam engine made?
through trial and error, craft knowledge, and tinkering. very little scientific knowledge was involved
Which two people improved the steam engine
John Smeaton and James Watt, who eliminated the need to heat and cool cylinder by developing method to keep cylinder hot throughout engine cycle.
How was the industrialized era characterized
by production of high-volume, low-quality goods, low wages for workers
Why was London one of the winners of first industrial age
Had many manufacturing workers by the mid 19th century
How did London’s industrialization help with agriculture and geography?
helped shift England from agricultural and rural based society to urban and industrialized one
How was London effected negatively?
Need for resources made new methods of transport necessary, also London was extremely polluted as coal served as one of the main sources of fuel for London
what were other highly successful industries in London?
Beer brewing was also highly successful as beer was safer to drink than water
How was Manchester one of the winners of the First Industrial Age?
Experienced unprecedented growth with industrialization
How did the geographic location of Manchester benefit it’s industries?
Location of city made it “natural” center for cotton manufacturing: damp air, lots of available coal, Bridgewater’s canals
why was the modern system in Manchester delayed by 40 years?
According to Misa this 40-year delay was result of a gender shift in labor as well as structural shifts in business community
what was an example of a technical shift that delayed women’s progress?
The Arkwright as opposed to the spinning jenny. Another example is the spinning mules which required lots of physical strength and made it more difficult for independent female spinners
What are examples of women losing in the first industrial revolution?
Women went from skilled at-home labor to unskilled labor in factories, weaving became “female work” (less skill and less pay)
How was Sheffield one of the winners of the industrial age?
produced high quality steel which made up majority of British market, and steel products
What was a difference between Manchester and Sheffield that put Sheffield ahead?
Most laborers were specialized skilled workers who worked in small workshops, homes, offices - these workers did NOT work in factories
How was steel making done?
Not in large factories but small and medium businesses where production occurred in many different centers; products moved from building to building
what do London, Manchester, and Sheffield have in common?
Lack of water and poor sanitary conditions of city, link between steam and unsanitary living conditions
What is imperialism? and colonization?
Imperialism is a political philosophy which fights for expanding a countries rule by extending political and economic control over other territories. Colonization involves countries establishing colonies all over the world as a way of expanding empire.
Why did Europe believe they were best qualified for colonization?
They saw themselves as the most progressive and advanced civilization in the world, they believed this due to their possession of firearms, machines, and vast scientific knowledge were presented as “proof” of European superiority
What explanation did Christian missionaries use to justify conversion
That wester scientific and technological dominance was proof that christianity was a superior religion
What did the Westerners try to emphasize?
the idea that chrisitianity was foundation behind scientific and technological achievements and that science and technology were “handmaidens” (servants) to christian religion
What was the westerners way of thinking about nature?
that it was meant to be used and exploited for their own purposes, nature was increasingly seen as an object to be studied and belief was that human needs could be met by reshaping natural environment
How did the Westerners compare nature and Non-western people
They believed they were superior to nature and assumed responsibility for lower beings, metaphor was used to justify enforcing beliefs to non-westerners
How did Europeans justify taking raw materials needed for industrialization
Many non-western societies did not try to investigate, dominate, or control nature, so Europeans justified taking the resources for themselves in the name of industrialization
British Colonizers were technically winning because why?
Indian taxpayers ended up paying for majority of the products, British government imposed 3% duty on Indian produced cotton while reducing tariffs on Britain exported goods.
what was the Indian Mutiny?
Indian soldiers rebelled against British after being forced to load Enfield rifle cartridges by biting open cartridges that contained beef or pork fat
what was the importance of the railroad?
Helped colonizers keep control of their districts and suppressed rebellions - military could be moved quickly
