Patents in the Second Industrial age Flashcards
what advantages did the internal combustion engine have over the steam engine?
it was cleaner, used cheap gas (not coal); could run at half speed; started and stopped easily; less labor needed
what is the most important feature of the second industrial age?
the rise of techno-science based industries
what were techno-science based industries?
Techno-science industries are industries where there is the practical research application of scientific knowledge to the production of goods
why was the term American system of manufacturing (ASM) made?
in the united states, new techniques for manufacturing goods were developed that were so different and unique the British coined the term “The American system of manufacturing”
what was the manufacturing process americans started using that is the foundation for most industries today?
MASS PRODUCTION
what were hybrid humans?
Individuals with a desire to learn about both science and technology such as Da Vinci and Galileo
what makes a techno-science based industry different from the traditional factory systems of the first industrial age?
While the first IR brought fourth new methods of manufacturing and new locations such as the factory system, the goods that were produced were still very traditional, such as cotton textiles
Why were more engineers attending universities
Because of worldwide “professionalization” of engineering
what is a patent?
a legal or official document that allows an individual or company to have the sole right to make, use or sell a specified invention for a fixed period of time
what is some criteria that must be met to obtain a patent?
Providing the uniqueness or value of an invention
What do patent rights do?
Help exclude other people from making, selling or using the patented invention
why do government offer patents?
In exchange for making details of the invention “public” through a countries patent office
what are advantages of a patent system?
Giving people the incentive to invent new things, providing a means for them to safely disclose their inventions, providing avenues for investment, further research
what are disadvantages of a patent system?
Patents can limit competition and consumer choice, patents can prevent people from using products that might help better society, legal disputes can be costly and time consuming
what was the arklight?
Electrical arc formed by leaping gap between two electrodes
how did Thomson-Houston Electric (THE) get around patents?
Developed arc lighting products and patented parts of technology that made it impossible for other groups to create same product
what else did THE do?
Bought out or merged with competitors to secure other patents, eliminating competition and gaining their patents
Why were there so many mergers in 1892?
to get control of vital patents, and to make use of patents owned by other companies without worrying about potential lawsuits
how did GE and Westinghouse solve 300 patent disputes?
Patent pooling - both companies entered into one patent, to share without fear of lawsuit
why did Germans have 50-88% of the worlds market for dyes?
German “product patents” which prevented others from producing the same goods, even with different processes
What other German tactics helped them become powerful in the synthetic dye industry?
take out patents in other countries, own patents in other countries without even practicing crafts there.
how did Germany lose their patents in America?
WWI - USA and Germany were now enemies at war and the us government took all German owned patents in the US patent office and declared them null
