Wines Flashcards
What is the title for someone who specializes in wines?
Sommelier
What is the most basic definition of wine?
The alcoholic beverage obtained from the conversion of fruit juice, most often grapes juice, into wine by fermentation.
What is fermentation in regards to wine?
The conversion of the natural sugar in the fruit juice into alcohol through the introduction of yeast.
What is the formula for fermentation?
Sugar + Yeast = Alcohol + CO2
Wine is an __________ product and a ________.
agricultural, beverage
True or False - Only grapes can be used to make wine.
False - any fruit can be used
True or False - Canada is one of the world’s top 10 wine-producing countries.
False
What are the 3 largest wine-producing countries based on volume?
Italy, France, and Spain
True or False - The top 3 largest wine-producing countries produce about 50% of the world’s wine.
True
Who were the top 10 wine exporters in 2018 based on $ value?
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- Australia
- Chile
- United States
- Germany
- New Zealand
- Portugal
- Argentina
What is the percentage of wine growth per year?
10%
True or False - Wine is foundational for economic wellbeing in many countries.
True
Who are 5 of the top 15 wine-consuming countries as of 2018 by volume?
~ United States ~ France ~ Italy ~ Germany ~ Chile ~ UK ~ Russia ~ Spain ~ Argentina ~ Australia ~ Portugal ~ Canada ~ Romania ~ South Africa ~ Brazil
What are the two main categories of wine we will be discussing in this class?
Red Wine and White Wine
What is the difference between white wine and red wine?
The difference is in the type of grapes used and the process by which juice is extracted.
When is the optimal time to harvest white grapes?
During the coolest part of the day.
What piece of equipment is often used to crush grapes?
A pneumatic press
What is the basic procedure for producing wine?
Harvest -> Crush -> Juice -> Add Yeast -> Fermentation -> Malolactic Fermentation -> Clarification and Stabilization -> Aging Profile -> Bottling -> Cellaring -> Shipping
What are the 5 fermentation options for white wine production?
~ Stainless Steel ~ Oak Barrel ~ Combined Oak and Tank ~ Types of Yeast ~ Sur Lie
Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using oak barrels for processing wine.
Pro: they produce a richer tasting wine and imparts structure and flavour profiles
Con: they are expensive
What are 3 advantages to using stainless steel for processing wine?
~ Keeps the wine fresh
~ Wine stays cool
~ A larger quantity can be processed
Yeast interprets the natural ______ and ______ profiles of grapes.
aromas, flavours
What is Sur Lie?
The process of using skins and seeds to age grapes.
True or False - Malolactic Fermentation is always used for white grapes.
False - Malolactic fermentation may be used fully, partially, or not at all.
What quality of white grapes determines whether or not Malolactic fermentation is used?
The acidity of the grapes.
What process converts Malic Acid to Lactic Acid?
Malolactic Fermentation
Aroma and Flavour are considered the ______ of grapes.
Value
There is a special type of yeast from South Africa that brings out what flavour in grapes during fermentation?
Tropical flavours
In the making of red wine, the juice is extracted along with what?
The seeds and the skin.
Fermenting the juice along with the seed and skins is known as?
Maceration
When fermenting red wine what factors/options do you have for creating different flavour profiles?
~ Time on Skins ~ Extraction Method ~ Type of Fermentation Vessel ~ Types of Yeast ~ Temperature
True or False - White wine can be made from red grapes.
True
How is pink wine made?
By fermenting grapes with only a limited skin content.
True or False - White wine uses wooden barrels more than red wine does.
False - Wooden barrels are more often used in the production of red wines.
Most red wines are aged no more than _____ months.
20
True or False - Some red wines are aged in the cellar for more than 12 years.
True
Wine with bubbles is called what?
Champagne
True or False - Champagne is made all over the world.
False - To be called champagne, the grapes must be grown in the Champagne region of France.
True or False - 90% of all champagne is red.
False - 90% of all champagne is white
What three grapes are used in the making of champagne? And what colour grape are they?
~ Pinot Noir - Red
~ Pinot Meunier - Red
~ Chardonnay - White
What type of bottle is champagne bottled in?
A bottle with a bunt on the bottom. (The deeper indentation in the bottom)
The second-largest planted white grape in the world is what?
Chardonnay
True or False - It is illegal to make a pink wine by mixing white and red wine.
True
True or False - In the Champagne region of France, pink Champagne can be made by blending white and red wine.
True`
What is the process for making champagne?
Harvest -> Crush -> Juice -> Primary Fermentation of Base Wines -> Blending the Cuvee -> Methode Traditionnelle -> Secondary Fermentation -> Riddling -> Degorgement -> Dosage -> Corking and Aging -> Shipping
In which step of champagne production are different styles of wine created?
During the Blending of the Cuvee stage.
What is Liqueur de Triage?
A blend of wine, sugar, and yeast, used in the Methode Traditionnelle, added to the bottle before it is capped. This process traps CO2 in the Champagne.
During the Riddling Phase, how is sediment prevented from remaining in the champagne?
The bottles are stored upside down, and turned 1/4 turn at regular intervals.
What is the Degorgement Stage?
The process of putting the champagne bottle in liquid nitrogen and uncapping it. The sediment cap is released leaving a crystal clear champagne.
What is the Dosage Stage?
The process of topping a bottle of champagne after the loss experienced in the degorgement stage.
How long is Champagne usually aged?
15-30 months
True or False - Champagne must be aged longer after purchase.
False
Define: Terroir
A French term used to describe the uniqueness of wine. It comes from the root word “terr” which is used to define soil or earth. The French Terroir describes a wine that expresses a sense of place.
______ and _______ are two aspects of Terroir.
Aspect, Geography
Name 3 Vineyard locations across the world.
~ Clos de Vougeot in Burgundy, France ~ Quails Gate Winery in Kelowna BC ~ Bordeaux, France ~ Alsace, France ~ Rhone Valley, France ~ Cotes du Rhone, France ~ Cognac Vineyards ~ Barolo, Piedmont, Italy ~ Tuscany, Italy ~ Veneto, Italy ~ Douro Valley, Portugal ~ Vinho Verde, Portugal ~ Rioja Spain ~ Penedes, Spain ~ Madeira ~ Mosel, Germany ~ Eden Valley, Barossa, Australia ~ Coonawarra Terra Rossa Sons, Australia ~ Central Otago, New Zealand ~ Rippon Vineyard at Lake Wanka ~ Marlborough, New Zealand ~ Napa Valley ~ Sonoma Valley ~ Carneros ~ Oregon Willamette Valley ~ Washington State ~ Hungarian Vineyards ~ Mendoza, Argentina ~ Casablanca Valley, Chile ~ Stellenbosch, South Africa ~ Naramata BC ~ Beamsville Bench, Ontario
What are the 5 Styles of Wine?
~ Red Wine ~ White Wine ~ Sparkling Wine ~ Rose ~ Dessert Wines
What 3 methods can be used to make sparkling wine?
~ Methode Traditionnelle
~ Charmat Method
~ Soda Pop Method
What determines how sweet a wine is?
~ The residual sugar content
How many red grape varieties can be used in a blended wine?
Up to 5
How many white grape varieties can be used in a blended wine?
1 or 2
What is the best material for aging wine?
Oak
What are the 7 ways dessert wine can be produced?
~ Late Harvest ~ Ice Wine ~ Botrytis Cinerea ~ Fortified ~ Dried Grapes ~ Naturally Sweet Grapes ~ Fruit Wine
How much longer are late harvest grapes left on the vine?
2-3 Weeks
Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise is an example of what type of dessert wine? And can be paired with which desserts?
Late Harvest
Pair with Pear Charlotte or Fruit Tarts
What temperature must ice wines be chilled at?
-8 C for at least 8 hours before harvest
Riesling Ice Wine pairs well with what dessert?
Peach cobbler, Pineapple upside-down cake, Flans, Custards
What is a Fortified Wine?
Wines with added neutral spirits or brandy to increase the alcohol levels above 16% to 21%
What types of wines are included under the umbrella of Fortified Wines?
~ Sherry
~ Port
~ Madeira
What are the two primary categories of sherry?
Fino and Oloroso
What is the difference between Fino and Oloroso?
Fino is a dry, unoxidized wine and Oloroso is sweeter. oxidized wine and is darker in colour.
What are the two primary styles of port wine?
Ruby and Tawny
True or False - Ruby wine must be aged 3 years at least.
False - Ruby wine is meant to be consumed young. Tawny is aged for a minimum of 3 years.
What type of wine is intentionally heated to 45C?
Madeira
What percentage of port wine is red?
About 90%
Describe a Liqueur?
Liqueurs are after-dinner digestives. They are usually very sweet ~50% sugar and are defined by their primary flavour rather than their base spirit.
What is the world’s largest selling Liqueur?
Baileys Irish Cream
Name 3 Liqueurs
~ Kaluha ~ Glayva ~ Grand Marnier ~ Amaretto ~ Kirsch ~ Chambord ~ Creme de Cassis ~ Sambuca ~ Creme de Menthe ~ Godiva
What are the top 3 most consumed beverages worldwide?
- Tea
- Water
3 Coffee
What are the top 3 most consumed beverages in Canada?
- Coffee
- Water
- Tea
Define: Tannins
The slightly bitter taste produced by the skins of grapes and other fruits and herbs.
Name 3 herbs that contain tannins.
~ Cloves ~ Cumin ~ Thyme ~ Vanilla ~ Cinnamon
What are the 4 main types of tea?
~ White
~ Green
~ Oolong
~ Black
True or False - Roobios and Herbal Teas are not actually teas.
True - they fall into the category known as botanical blends
What is white tea?
Tea made entirely from leaf buds that are covered with whitish hairs. These teas are not rolled and are slightly oxidized.
What is the amount of caffeine in white tea?
30-55 mg
True or False - Green Tea is fully oxidized.
False - Green Teas is not oxidized at all
What is the amount of caffeine in green tea?
35-70 mg
What does Oolong mean?
Black Dragon
Oolong teas are _______ and highly ______ and are made with ______ oxidized leaves.
flavourful, aromatic, partially
What type of tea is generally served without sugar or milk?
Oolong teas
What is the amount of caffeine in oolong tea?
50-75 mg
What is black tea?
Tea made from fully oxidized leaves, which produce a hearty, deep rich flavour in a coloured amber brew.
What is the amount of caffeine in black tea?
60-90 mg
In comparison to wine:
White and Lighter Green teas are comparable to _______ wines.
______ and _______ teas are comparable to red wines.
_______ is comparable to a light rose wine.
white, oolong, black, rooibos
True or False - Jasmine is a type of rooibos tea.
False - Jasmine is a type of aromatic green tea
In terms of coffee, _______ is key to pairings.
Bitterness
What factors will determine the caffeine content in a coffee?
~ Type of Coffee Bean
~ Roasting
~ Type of Coffee
~ Serving Size
True or False - In the coffee world, lighter roasts have more caffeine than darker roasts.
True
How much caffeine does an 8oz cup of coffee contain?
70-140 mg of caffeine or 95 mg on average
How much caffeine does one shot of espresso (30-50 ml) contain?
About 63 mg of caffeine
True or False - Instant coffee contains more caffeine than regular coffee.
False
How much caffeine is generally in decaf coffee?
3 mg
Why is coffee traditionally served at the end of a meal?
Due to the bitterness factor
What are the 2 varieties of coffee beans?
~ Coffee Arabica
~ Coffee Robusta
Which coffee bean variety is better quality?
Coffee Arabica - it has a better flavour profile, however, it also has less caffeine
Where is Arabica coffee indigenous to?
Ethiopia and Yemen
What growing conditions are best for Coffee Arabica?
~ 3 000 ft above sea level
~ Tropical and Humid Climate
~ Temperatures around 68F
Where did coffee robusta originate?
It originated in Africa, but is grown primarily in Brazil, Vietnam, and Africa.
