Wine Business Flashcards
Who regulates the title “Champagne”?
Comite Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne
CIVC
Known as Comite Champagne
Oldest style of champagne?
Still pink wine from Pinot Noir
Slightly fizzy wines started to occur naturally, popular in English market
What was Dom Perignon’s contribution to Champagne?
Producing first white wine from black grapes
Invented Coquard Press
Re-introduced cork stopper to France
Pioneered the stronger, English glass for bottling
What was Veuve Clicquot’s contribution to Champagne?
Riddling (remuage) using pupitres
When was controlled secondary fermentation introduced?
Nineteenth century
When was dry Champagne introduced?
Late 19th century following disgorgement techniques
Current determining factor in grape prices in Champagne?
Moet & Chandon setting the trend
How many villages are ranked in echelle des crus, and what is their quality rating?
17 grand cru (100%)
42 premier cru (90-99%)
257 villages (80-89%)
How many champagne growers, and how much do they own? How many champagne houses?
16000 growers owning 90% of vineyards
340 houses own 10%
What is NM in Champagne?
Negociant Manipulant
Houses that buy grapes, must, or wine
Wine made on their property and sold under their label
What is RM in Champagne?
Recoltant Manipulant
Grower-Champagnes
Make champagne from their own vineyards under their own label
What is CM in Champagne?
Cooperative de manipulation
Co-ops that make Champagne under their own label from members grapes
Two largest Champagne groupings?
LVMH: owns Moet & Chandon, Dom P, Mercier, Veuve, Ruinart, Krug
Vranken Pommery Monopole: Vranken, Pommery, Monopole Heidsieck Charles Lafitte, Bissinger
Champagne export/domestic numbers, and by type?
50%/50% total
87% of exports from houses (vs. 73% total share)
Co-ops even split
Growers sell mostly domestic
How is supply/demand controlled in Champagne?
Comite Champagne controlling base wine yields
Managing reserve wine usage
Possibility of expanding Champagne AOC
Repositioning away from value market; premiumization
Factors influencing price of Champagne?
Demand for higher price Rising prices of grapes (6.10eu/kilo) Aging times (ex. Vintage) Higher rated vineyards Red wine use (rose) Oak use
Factors making up cost of bottle?
Grapes - 50%
Production costs - 30%
Marketing/advertizing - 20%
Current trends in Champagne?
Increased demand for Brut Nature/Extra Brut + Demi Sec
Intention for drinking over ice/cocktails
Increased demand for Rose Champagne
Increased demand in single-vineyard
Increased interest in grower champagnes outside domestic market
How many producers of Cremant d’Alsace, and what % of total Alsace wine is Cremant?
500
25% of total production and rising (15% more cremant over 10 yrs)
Important regulation for growers in Cremant d’Alsace?
Must declare which vineyards will make Cremant in July
Most common type of producer in Cremant d’Alsace? Top producer?
Co-ops (43%)
Maison Bestheim
Volume of Cremant d’Alsace, and how much is exported?
Doubled in volume from 2000-2014
20% export and growing
What is Emotion?
Top quality category for Alsace sparkling established in 2012
Min. 75% Pinot Blanc/Pinot Noir/Chard, 24mo lees
So far, not popular
Production of Cremant de Bourgogne?
10% of total Burgundy production
Grown by 33% in a decade
170000hL
Important regulation for growers in Cremant de Bourgogne?
Must declare which vineyards will make Cremant by the end of March
Most common type of producer in Cremant de Bourgogne, and why?
Merchant houses (2/3) Co-ops remainder
Due to high investment costs
Significant producers of Cremant de Bourgogne?
Jean Charles Boisset
Louis Bouillot
Export % of Cremant de Bourgogne, and which to which markets?
40%
USA, Sweden, UK, Belgium, Germany
Who sells Cremant de Bourgogne?
90% negociants/co-ops
90% of this is sold by 10 companies
Rules for Cremant de Bourgogne Eminent?
24 months on lees
Rules for Cremant de Bourgogne Grand Eminent?
Brut only 36 months on lees, 3 years in bottle Commonly vintage, but not required Blanc: Pinot Noir and Chardonnay only Rose: max. 20% Gamay
Production in Cremant de Loire?
500 producers 19 merchant houses 10 co-ops 112000hL, increasing 9 large houses account for 80% of production
Important regulation for growers in Cremant de Loire?
Must declare which vineyards will make Cremant in July
What are the requirements of Prestige de Loire? When was it launched?
White only Chenin Blanc, Cab Franc, Chard, PN only 24 months on lees Vintage dated Brut Sustainable viticulture within 5 years
2018
Export % of Loire sparkling, and main markets?
50% exported
Germany, USA, UK
Production of Saumur and Vouvray sparkling?
Base wine sent to specialist (lack of equipment)
Final product sent back to producer for labeling/distribution
Best known specialist in Loire?
Berger Elaborateur in Saint-Martin-le-Beau
Two largest Cava companies and their founding families? What % are they responsible for?
Freixenet - Ferrer
Codorniu - Raventos
75% combined
When was Cava enacted into Spanish law? Who enforces?
1972
Began informally in 1960s
Consejo Regulador del Cava
What are the four registers of the Consejo Regulador del Cava?
Growers
Producers of base wine
Storekeepers of base wines
Cava producers
Cava laws in regards to bottling location?
Wine can be moved at each stage and documented within the proper register
What is Cevipe?
The primary co-op in Cava - 55 million kilos sold to producers
Export % of Cava, and to what top markets?
67% exported
Germany, Belgium, UK, USA
Total Cava production? Current trend?
250 million/year
currently plateau
What is the new Cava initiaive? When was it introduced, and what are the requirements?
Cava de Paraje Calificado - 2017 Single estate, produced by estate owner Min. 10yr old vines Cannot be acidified Min. 36 months aging Brut or lower
What is Corpinnat, and when was it founded?
A producer group using 100% organic grapes from Penedes - 2019 Hand-harvested Vinified at the estate 90% local varieties Three categories of aging
What is Classic Penedes, when was it founded, and who are key producers?
DO Penedes made with certified organic grapes
Category founded in 2014
Min. 15 months on lees
Key producers: Albet I Noya, Loxarel
What is the Rioja sparkling wine designation, and when was it implemented? Quality categories?
Espumoso de Calidad de Rioja - 2019
Crianza - 15 mo lees
Reserva - 24 mo lees
Gran Anada - 36 mo lees
Importance of Traditional method in Italy?
4% of sparkling production in Italy
1/10th of Champagne production
Describe a typical Prosecco:
Light/med- intensity Apple/pear Light body Medium/med+ acidity Low/med alcohol Extra dry most typical Spumante or frizzante
Requirements of Superiore Prosecco?
No additional
Requirements of Prosecco?
Vintage - 85% must come from the vintage
Wine must be sold in bottle
No minimum aging
Requirement of Rive?
Rive + vineyard name on label Rive = slop/steep hill (43) Picked by hand Harvested at lower yield Vintage dated
What is Cartizze, and what are the DOCG requirements?
Historic single-vineyard in Valdobbiadene
Lower yield
Spumante only
Fuller body
Export % of Prosecco, and main markets?
75% exported; tripled 2004-2014
40% DOCG exported
UK, USA, Germany, Switzerland
What Prosecco law was added in 2019?
Brut Nature
Extra Brut
Production/growers in Prosecco?
Co-ops grow 50%+
Private companies bottle 75%+
32 companies produce 90%+
How to obtain growth in Prosecco DOCG?
DOCG fully planted
Growth comes from higher quality/price
Define Asti Metodo Classico?
Min. 9 months on lees
Dolce
Who is responsible for the production of Moscato d’Asti?
60% produced by 4 companies, including Martini & Rossi
Smaller producers send their juice to a specialist for production under their own label
Three categories of Asti
Moscato d’Asti, Asti Secco, Asti (Dolce)
Export quantities and quantities made of Asti?
Moscato d’Asti - 30%; large market in USA
Asti - 70%; most sold in Europe
Lambrusco DOC production?
25-30% of spumante
Remainder IGT Emilia
Lambrusco DOC ABV laws?
Min. 11% Spumante, 10.5% Frizzante, 7% Dolce
Lambrusco Frizzante sweetness scale? Spumante?
Frizzante: Secco/Asciutto, abboccato, amabile
Spumante: Same as other sparkling
% Export of Lambrusco?
67%
Grower/producer relationship in Lambrusco?
Co-ops common
Many small grower properties selling to large private wineries
History of Riunite?
Italy's largest wine company Created in 1950 - merger of 9 co-ops 1800 members Bought by Maschio in 2002, then GIV in 2008 50% export/Italy
3 main Franciacorta producers?
Guido Berlucchi
Ca Del Bosco
Bellavista
Responsible for 1/3 of production
Export of Franciacorta?
10% exported
What is Giulio Ferrari’s contribution to bubbles?
First traditional sparkling with Chardonnay in Italy in 1902
Producers in Trentodoc?
Four producers make up 95%, 3 are co-ops Ferrari by far the largest Rotari (Mezzacorona) Altemasi (Cavit) Cesarini Sforza (La Vis) 54 producers total
Trentodoc export?
20% export
Cavit exports 65%
What is Flaschengarung? Klassische Flaschengarung?
“Bottle Fermented” - can be transfer method
“Classic bottle fermentation” - second fermentation in bottle only
Main producers of Sekt and their contribution?
Rotkappchen-Mumm
Henkell & Co
Schloss Wachenheim
80% of production
Export of Sekt?
Just over 10%
What are the rules of VDP Sekt, and when have these changes occured?
2018 - added into VDP Fruit must be grown on VDP estate; fruit must be picked early by hand, whole cluster, and traditional method 2020 - VDP Sekt regulations added NV - min 15mo lees Vintage - min 24mo lees Prestige - min 36mo lees
When did traditional method sparkling begin in England/Wales?
Late 1980s
Grapes in English PDO wines?
Chardonnay Pinot Noir Pinot Noir Precoce (early ripening PN mutation) Meunier Pinot Blanc Pinot Gris
Significant producers of English sparkling?
Nyetimber (planted 1988)
Wiston Estate
Export and plantings of English sparkling?
8% exported
2019 doubled plantings from 2018
When can a US sparkling be called “Champagne”?
Brand established prior to 2006
Must include geographic origin (California Champagne)
Trend for American Sparkling?
Decreasing, losing market share to exports (Prosecco)
Main producers of Chilean sparkling?
Valdivieso
Vina Mar
Undurraga
Trend of Chilean sparkling? Export?
Growing rapidly, especially domestically
1/3 exported - Japan, Columbia, and Brazil
Trend of Argentinean sparkling? Export?
Boost after tax removal in 2005
Almost all drunk domestically
What is Cap Classique?
Association of growers/producers in South Africa
Founded in 1992
Responsible for 90%+ traditional method sparkling
Working on two separate certified categories
Trend in South African sparkling? Exports?
Doubling every 5 years
Graham Beck exports 50%, most exports low
Trend in Australian sparkling? Exports?
Rise in Prosecco/Moscato/Pet Nat
Fall in Shiraz
Export demand is rising - 20% export
Describe Australian Prosecco and its legality?
Grown in King Valley
Made in same tank method style
Labeled Prosecco domestically, but Glera on exports
First: Dal Zotto in 2004
Export of New Zealand sparkling?
0.5% of total export
