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D4 > Grape Growing > Flashcards

Grape Growing Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence the grapes you choose to grow?

A

Aromatic intensity
Acid retention while ripening
Base wine response to Autolysis

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2
Q

Appellations in Champagne for still wines?

A

AOC Rose des Riceys (Cote des Bar) - still rose of PN

AOC Coteaux Champenois - mostly still PN but can be white and rose

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3
Q

When were Champagne AOC’s designated?

A

1927

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4
Q

What is Echelle des crus?

A

“Ladder of growths”

Rating system to deterine grape prices

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5
Q

What is the Blocage system?

A

Reserve wines
Young wine as insurance policy
Now used for blending/consistent style

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6
Q

Five sub-regions of Champagne?

A 
Montagne de Reims
Vallee de la Marne
Cote des Blancs
Cote de Sezanne
Cote des Bar
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7
Q

Climate of Champagne?

A

Cool continental - avg annual 11C
Oceanic influence
700mm rain
Climate change: Warming has caused 0.7% potential ABV

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8
Q

Soil of Champagne?

A

Chalky with limestone subsoil

Stores water

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9
Q

Describe Montagne de Reims, and name important grand crus.

A

Mostly black grapes
Many north-facing slopes
High acid, austere
Mailly, Verzeney, Verzy, Ambonnay, Bouzy

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10
Q

Describe Vallee de la Marne, and name important grand crus.

A

Known for Meunier on clay/marl/sand (fruity style)
Frost-prone
Ay

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11
Q

Describe Cote des Blancs, and name important grand crus.

A

95% Chardonnay
Purest form of chalk
Cramant, Avize, Oger, Le Mesnil-sur-Oger

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12
Q

Describe Cote de Sezanne.

A

Mostly chardonnay
Mostly south-eastern slopes (Fruity, riper)
Clay and clay/silt soils
Lower quality

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13
Q

Describe Cote des Bar.

A

Mostly Pinot Noir, fruity & ripe
Kimmeridgian calcareous marl soil
Steep slopes

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14
Q

What are the 4 other grape varieties allowed in Champagne?

A

Pinot Blanc
Arbanne
Petit Meslier
Fromenteau

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15
Q

Describe the properties of Meunier?

A 
Early budding (latest of Champagne)
Likes heavy clay soils
Sensitive to botrytis
Adds fruit and softness
Not usually blended in wines meant for long aging
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16
Q

Approved trellising systems in Champagne?

A

Taille Chablis: 3-4 cordons + spur pruning; maximize soil reflection; Chardonnay
Cordon du Royat: single cordon + spur pruning; Pinot Noir/Meunier
Guyot: replacement cane, single or double; all varieties
Valle de la Marne: Guyot but more buds; not widely used

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17
Q

Planting density and buds per vine in Champagne?

A

8000 vines per hectare

No more than 18 per square meter

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18
Q

Threats to Champagne vineyards?

A 
Severe winter frost
Spring frost
Cold rainy June, disrupting flowering/fruit set
Summer hail
Hot/humid summer leading to botrytis
Dagger nematode (fanleaf virus)
Downy/powdery mildew
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19
Q

Sustainable practices in Champagne?

A

Encouraged by Comite Champagne
Limits pesticides
Soil protection methods (cover crops, groundwater management)
Lighter weight bottles introduced in 2010

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20
Q

Roles of the Comite Champagne?

A 
Set harvest start date
Set yields
Measure samples to make determinations
Manage reserve levels
Regulate price (supply/demand)
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21
Q

Harvesting requirements in Champagne?

A

Follow dates set by Comite Champagne
Hand harvesting
Whole bunches

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22
Q

Climate of Alsace?

A

Sunny, continental
Mountainous - eastern flanks of Vosges
Dry, but rain at harvest. No irrigation permitted
Spring frost problems

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23
Q

Primary grape for Cremant d’Alsace? Others allowed?

A

Pinot Blanc

Auxerrois, Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir

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24
Q

Popular area for Cremant d’Alsace?

A

Munster Valley

Cool airflow for Pinot Blanc

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25
Q

Describe Pinot Blanc in terms of Alsace:

A

Early budding
Early ripening
Prone to fungal diseases
Apple/pear/high acid

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26
Q

Grapes in Cremant d’Alsace Rose?

A

Pinot Noir only

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27
Q

Grapes in Cremant de Bourgogne?

A

Primarily Chardonnay, some Pinot Noir

Also allowed: Gamay, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Aligote, Melon

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28
Q

Main areas for Cremant de Bourgogne, and why?

A 
Maconnais
Rully
Beaujolais
Yonne
Chatillon-sur-Seine
Hautes Beaune/Nuits

Cooler and cheaper

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29
Q

Climate of Bourgogne?

A

Cool continental; mediterranean in Southern areas

South-facing slopes

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30
Q

Grower problem facing Cremant de Bourgogne?

A

Increase in price for still wines

Growers can get better prices for still wine, threat to Cremant

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31
Q

Appellations for Loire sparkling?

A

Cremant de Loire
Sparkling Vouvray
Sparkling Saumur
Four others not covered

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32
Q

Production of Loire sparkling?

A

13% of total Loire

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33
Q

Famous Loire producers and their parent company?

A

Bouvet-Ladubay -> Taittinger
Gratien & Meyer -> Champagne Alfred Gratien
Langlois-Chateau -> Bollinger

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34
Q

Where are grapes for Cremant de Loire grown?

A

Anjou-Saumur

Touraine

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35
Q

Climate of Loire?

A

Loire river moderates

Cool maritime

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36
Q

Soil in Loire?

A

Need good drainage and water retention

Many types: clay-limestone, flint-clay, sand, gravel, tuff

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37
Q

Rootstock for Cremant de Loire?

A

Fercal
Riparia Gloire de Montpellier
Both have high limestone tolerance and protect from Chlorosis

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38
Q

Grapes allowed in Cremant de Loire?

A 
Chenin Blanc (Majority)
Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Sauvignon
Grolleau Noir/Gris
Pineau d'Aunis
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay

Max 30% Cab Sauv/Pineau d’Aunis allowed combined

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39
Q

Where is Cava grown and produced?

A

Primarily Penedes in Cataluna (95%)

Other important areas: Lleida, Tarragona, Valencia, Rioja

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40
Q

Climate of Penedes?

A

Mediterranean
Coastal/higher altitude vineyards
Moderate rainfall

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41
Q

Soil of Penedes?

A

Poor in nutrients
Adequate drainage/water retention
Alluvial, clay, and granite

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42
Q

Primary towns for Cava productions?

A

San Sadurni d’Anoia

Vilafranca del Penedes (where Consejo is headquartered)

43
Q

Importance of Lleida?

A

Riper, fresher fruit than Penedes
Higher acidity
Pioneered Raimat estate - largest single vineyard estate
Pioneered growing Chardonnay

44
Q

Importance of Tarragona?

A

Cava Rosado

Trepat is home in Conca de Barbera

45
Q

Grapes grown in Rioja for Cava production?

A 
Chardonnay
Viura (Macabeo)
46
Q

Describe Xarel-Lo?

A 
25% of Cava production
Mid-budding/mid-ripening
Susceptible to powdery/downy mildew
Greengate, gooseberry, fennel, earthy notes
Reasonable affinity with oak
47
Q

Describe Macabeo?

A 
36% of Cava production
Late budding
Picked first
High yielding
Susceptible to botrytis, bacterial blight
Light intensity, apple, lemon
48
Q

Describe Perellada?

A 
20% of Cava production
Early budding
Planted on higher sites
Low yielding
Latest ripening
Finesse, floral notes
Susceptible to powdery mildew
49
Q

Describe Chardonnay, in Cava?

A

9% of Cava production
Adds body, richness, finesse
Clone/rootstock choice highly important - keep potential alcohol and ripening restrained

50
Q

Black grapes of Cava?

A

Only used in Rosado

Trepat
Pinot Noir
Garnacha Tinta
Monastrell

51
Q

Vine planting in Cava?

A

Low/moderate densities

Bush vines or single/double cordon

52
Q

Vineyard practices used in Cava?

A 
Irrigation allowed but strictly controlled
Copper/sulfur use
Canopy management
Sexual confusion
Gluconic acid testing (botrytis)
90% hand harvesting (machine allowed)
53
Q

Prosecco PDOs?

A 
Prosecco DOC
   - may include Treviso or Trieste
Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG aka Prosecco DOCG (16%)
   - promoted in 2009 from DOC
   - must use either or both town name
   - may include superiore and/or drop Prosecco
Asolo Prosecco DOCG (2%)
   - may include superiore
   - South of Valdobbiadene
54
Q

Climate of Prosecco?

A

Moderate continental
Moderate rainfall
Fertile soils

55
Q

Describe Glera:

A

Vigorous, very high yielding
Semi-aromatic
Susceptible to millerandage, powdery/downy mildew, drought, and grapevine yellows

56
Q

Trellising/Training for Glera?

A

Sylvoz, double-arched cane, single/double Guyot

Vertical trellising with 8-12 buds (first 2 not fruitful)

57
Q

What is Sylvoz?

A

High cordon training with downward shoots
Used for high vigor/high yields (Prosecco DOC)
Inexpensive - minimizes pruning, machine harvest suitable
Provides frost protection, but increased risk of shade
Requires careful monitoring and trimming

58
Q

Define double-arched cane:

A

Replacement cane pruning with canes bent into arches
Improves evenness of growth and ventilation
Common in Prosecco DOCG
Each branch must be tied (cost) and repeated shoot thinning to open canopy

59
Q

What is ciglione?

A

Steep grassy banks in Prosecco DOCG that require maintenance/repair

60
Q

When is hand harvesting required in Prosecco?

A

Steep parts of DOCG area

Cartizze, Rive, and sui lieviti

61
Q

Three regions for growing Moscato d’Asti?

A

Asti
Alexandria
Cuneo

62
Q

Climate of Asti DOCG?

A

Moderate continental
Cold winters
Hot, dry summers

63
Q

Describe Moscato Bianco?

A 
Early budding
Mid-ripening
Small berries
Prone to powdery mildew, botrytis, mites
Thin skin
64
Q

Planting in Asti?

A

Medium density
Guyot, VSP
Clay, limestone soils

65
Q

Describe the climate and soil of Emilia-Romagna?

A

Warm continental
Adequate rainfall, but irrigation still used
Clay and silt alluvial soil
High fertility soils with good water retention but prone to compaction
High humidity

66
Q

Vine training and harvesting of Lambrusco?

A

Cordon trained and Geneva Double Curtain (high vigour)

Mechanization

67
Q

Most important Lambrusco varieties?

A

Lambrusco Salamino
Lambrusco Grasparossa
Lambrusco di Sorbara

68
Q

Five Lambrusco DOCs, and grape variety laws?

A

Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce (85% Salamino)
Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro (85% Grasparossa)
Lambrusco di Sorbara (60% Sorbara)
Reggiano Lambrusco
Lambrusco di Modena

69
Q

Region for Franciacorta, and region for still wines in the area?

A

Lombardy

Still: Curtefranca DOC

70
Q

Climate for Lombardy?

A

Warm continental
Lake Iseo moderates
Gentle slopes
Adequate rain, but irrigation permitted if needed

71
Q

Grape varieties in Franciacorta?

A

Chardonnay (75%)
Pinot Noir
A little Pinot Blanc

72
Q

Grape growing in Franciacorta?

A

75% organic, working towards 100%
Mostly estate grown
Cordon/Guyot only allowed, no over-training

73
Q

Grapes of Trentodoc?

A

Chardonnay (many 100%)

Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc, Meunier also allowed

74
Q

Climate of Trentino?

A

Warm continental

High diurnal range due to mountains

75
Q

Soil of Trentino?

A

Well drained and stony
Poor nutrients
Leads to high flavor intensity

76
Q

Vineyard management in Trentino?

A 
Slopes - hand harvesting
CHardonnay cooler, Pinot Noir warmer
Later harvest for flavor intensity
Guyot/Pergola
Mildew and botrytis are issues
77
Q

Grape growing process for Sekt?

A

Grown in southern Europe
Crushed in region
Chilled juice transported to Germany

78
Q

Climate for German Sekt?

A

Cool continental

Hand harvesting for higher quality

79
Q

Grapes for German Sekt?

A

Riesling (most prestigious)

Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Chardonnay, Silvaner, Scheurebe

80
Q

Climate of Englahd/Wales?

A 
All above 50*L
Long daylight
Cool maritime climate
Previously 13* average, now 14* - enough to ripen fruit
Heavy rain
Warmer springs
81
Q

Site selection in England/Wales?

A

South-facing slopes
Shelter from SW winds
Good drainage
Below 125m above sea level

82
Q

Importance of Guyot system?

A

Narrow rows close to ground = retain heat

Thin canopies = allow air & light

83
Q

Soil of England/Wales?

A 
Some Clay (lower acid/more fruit)
Some Chalk (finesse/higher acid)
84
Q

Most important areas for US Sparkling?

A 
Anderson Valley
Russian River Valley
Carneros
Washington State
Oregon
85
Q

Regions for sparkling in Chile?

A 
Casablanca
San Antonio
Limari
Curico
Bio Bio
86
Q

Grapes used for Sparkling in Chile?

A 
Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
Sauvignon Blanc
Pais
Moscatel
87
Q

Where are grapes grown in Argentina?

A

Lujan de Cuyo
Uco Valley
Neuquen and Rio Negro (Patagonia)

88
Q

Grapes for sparkling in Argentina?

A 
Pedro Gimenez (local, no Ximenez relation)
Chardonnay
Chenin Blanc
Pinot Noir
Ugni Blanc
Semillon
89
Q

Climate/vineyard issues in Argentina?

A

High altitude/South for sparkling for cool climate
Hail
Spring frost
Nematodes

90
Q

Grapes used for Cap Classique?

A

Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
Pinotage
Chenin Blanc

91
Q

Where is South African sparkling grown? What is the soil?

A 
Robertson (limestone)
Bonnievale (limestone)
Stellenbosch (shale/clay/granite)
Paarl (S/C/G)
Darling (S/C/G)
Tulbagh (S/C/G)
92
Q

Climate of South Africa?

A

Warm with cooling influences - Breede river

93
Q

Where is traditional method sparkling grown in Australia?

A 
Tasmania (primary)
Yarra Valley
Adelaide Hills
Victoria
New South Wales
94
Q

Climate/vineyard problems of Australia?

A

Tasmania - colder than Champagne but more sunlight
All other areas - warm, look for high altitude vineyards
Spring frost
High rainfall
Coulure/botrytis

95
Q

Where is inexpensive wine grown in Australia? Describe the vineyards?

A

South-Eastern Australia
Irrigation
Mechanized
2-3x yields of cool areas

96
Q

Describe growing of Sparkling Shiraz?

A

Warm-climate regions - Victoria, Barossa, McLaren Vale

Grapes picked at the same time as still wines

97
Q

Describe Traditional method sparkling from Australia?

A

Modeled after Champagne
Long lees aging (3+ years common)
MLF optional
Late disgorged an emerging category

98
Q

Describe mid-priced Australian sparkling?

A

Transfer, tank, or carbonation
Made from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Moscato, Glera
Range of styles

99
Q

How is sparkling Shiraz made?

A 
Made like still red wine
Traditional (premium), transfer, tank, or carbonation
MLF
Oaked or unoaked
High dosage (20+ g/L)
100
Q

Describe the profile of Sparkling Shiraz?

A 
Deep ruby-garnet
Medium(-) to Medium acid
Medium to High alcohol
Medium ripe/soft tannins
Medium to Full bodied
Medium to Pronounced intensity
101
Q

What is Innocent Bystander?

A

A sparkling pink moscato

Category is trending domestically

102
Q

Where is sparkling grown in New Zealand?

A

Marlborough
Central Otago
Gisborne

103
Q

Climate/vineyard issues in New Zealand?

A

Coolest on South, warmer in Gisborne
Low vineyard risks
Irrigation required

D4 (3 decks)

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