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Grape Growing Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence the grapes you choose to grow?

A

Aromatic intensity
Acid retention while ripening
Base wine response to Autolysis

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2
Q

Appellations in Champagne for still wines?

A

AOC Rose des Riceys (Cote des Bar) - still rose of PN

AOC Coteaux Champenois - mostly still PN but can be white and rose

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3
Q

When were Champagne AOC’s designated?

A

1927

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4
Q

What is Echelle des crus?

A

“Ladder of growths”

Rating system to deterine grape prices

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5
Q

What is the Blocage system?

A

Reserve wines
Young wine as insurance policy
Now used for blending/consistent style

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6
Q

Five sub-regions of Champagne?

A 
Montagne de Reims
Vallee de la Marne
Cote des Blancs
Cote de Sezanne
Cote des Bar
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7
Q

Climate of Champagne?

A

Cool continental - avg annual 11C
Oceanic influence
700mm rain
Climate change: Warming has caused 0.7% potential ABV

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8
Q

Soil of Champagne?

A

Chalky with limestone subsoil

Stores water

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9
Q

Describe Montagne de Reims, and name important grand crus.

A

Mostly black grapes
Many north-facing slopes
High acid, austere
Mailly, Verzeney, Verzy, Ambonnay, Bouzy

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10
Q

Describe Vallee de la Marne, and name important grand crus.

A

Known for Meunier on clay/marl/sand (fruity style)
Frost-prone
Ay

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11
Q

Describe Cote des Blancs, and name important grand crus.

A

95% Chardonnay
Purest form of chalk
Cramant, Avize, Oger, Le Mesnil-sur-Oger

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12
Q

Describe Cote de Sezanne.

A

Mostly chardonnay
Mostly south-eastern slopes (Fruity, riper)
Clay and clay/silt soils
Lower quality

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13
Q

Describe Cote des Bar.

A

Mostly Pinot Noir, fruity & ripe
Kimmeridgian calcareous marl soil
Steep slopes

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14
Q

What are the 4 other grape varieties allowed in Champagne?

A

Pinot Blanc
Arbanne
Petit Meslier
Fromenteau

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15
Q

Describe the properties of Meunier?

A 
Early budding (latest of Champagne)
Likes heavy clay soils
Sensitive to botrytis
Adds fruit and softness
Not usually blended in wines meant for long aging
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16
Q

Approved trellising systems in Champagne?

A

Taille Chablis: 3-4 cordons + spur pruning; maximize soil reflection; Chardonnay
Cordon du Royat: single cordon + spur pruning; Pinot Noir/Meunier
Guyot: replacement cane, single or double; all varieties
Valle de la Marne: Guyot but more buds; not widely used

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17
Q

Planting density and buds per vine in Champagne?

A

8000 vines per hectare

No more than 18 per square meter

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18
Q

Threats to Champagne vineyards?

A 
Severe winter frost
Spring frost
Cold rainy June, disrupting flowering/fruit set
Summer hail
Hot/humid summer leading to botrytis
Dagger nematode (fanleaf virus)
Downy/powdery mildew
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19
Q

Sustainable practices in Champagne?

A

Encouraged by Comite Champagne
Limits pesticides
Soil protection methods (cover crops, groundwater management)
Lighter weight bottles introduced in 2010

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20
Q

Roles of the Comite Champagne?

A 
Set harvest start date
Set yields
Measure samples to make determinations
Manage reserve levels
Regulate price (supply/demand)
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21
Q

Harvesting requirements in Champagne?

A

Follow dates set by Comite Champagne
Hand harvesting
Whole bunches

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22
Q

Climate of Alsace?

A

Sunny, continental
Mountainous - eastern flanks of Vosges
Dry, but rain at harvest. No irrigation permitted
Spring frost problems

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23
Q

Primary grape for Cremant d’Alsace? Others allowed?

A

Pinot Blanc

Auxerrois, Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir

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24
Q

Popular area for Cremant d’Alsace?

A

Munster Valley

Cool airflow for Pinot Blanc

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25
Describe Pinot Blanc in terms of Alsace:
Early budding Early ripening Prone to fungal diseases Apple/pear/high acid
26
Grapes in Cremant d'Alsace Rose?
Pinot Noir only
27
Grapes in Cremant de Bourgogne?
Primarily Chardonnay, some Pinot Noir | Also allowed: Gamay, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Aligote, Melon
28
Main areas for Cremant de Bourgogne, and why?
``` Maconnais Rully Beaujolais Yonne Chatillon-sur-Seine Hautes Beaune/Nuits ``` Cooler and cheaper
29
Climate of Bourgogne?
Cool continental; mediterranean in Southern areas | South-facing slopes
30
Grower problem facing Cremant de Bourgogne?
Increase in price for still wines | Growers can get better prices for still wine, threat to Cremant
31
Appellations for Loire sparkling?
Cremant de Loire Sparkling Vouvray Sparkling Saumur Four others not covered
32
Production of Loire sparkling?
13% of total Loire
33
Famous Loire producers and their parent company?
Bouvet-Ladubay -> Taittinger Gratien & Meyer -> Champagne Alfred Gratien Langlois-Chateau -> Bollinger
34
Where are grapes for Cremant de Loire grown?
Anjou-Saumur | Touraine
35
Climate of Loire?
Loire river moderates | Cool maritime
36
Soil in Loire?
Need good drainage and water retention | Many types: clay-limestone, flint-clay, sand, gravel, tuff
37
Rootstock for Cremant de Loire?
Fercal Riparia Gloire de Montpellier Both have high limestone tolerance and protect from Chlorosis
38
Grapes allowed in Cremant de Loire?
``` Chenin Blanc (Majority) Cabernet Franc Cabernet Sauvignon Grolleau Noir/Gris Pineau d'Aunis Pinot Noir Chardonnay ``` Max 30% Cab Sauv/Pineau d'Aunis allowed combined
39
Where is Cava grown and produced?
Primarily Penedes in Cataluna (95%) | Other important areas: Lleida, Tarragona, Valencia, Rioja
40
Climate of Penedes?
Mediterranean Coastal/higher altitude vineyards Moderate rainfall
41
Soil of Penedes?
Poor in nutrients Adequate drainage/water retention Alluvial, clay, and granite
42
Primary towns for Cava productions?
San Sadurni d'Anoia | Vilafranca del Penedes (where Consejo is headquartered)
43
Importance of Lleida?
Riper, fresher fruit than Penedes Higher acidity Pioneered Raimat estate - largest single vineyard estate Pioneered growing Chardonnay
44
Importance of Tarragona?
Cava Rosado | Trepat is home in Conca de Barbera
45
Grapes grown in Rioja for Cava production?
``` Chardonnay Viura (Macabeo) ```
46
Describe Xarel-Lo?
``` 25% of Cava production Mid-budding/mid-ripening Susceptible to powdery/downy mildew Greengate, gooseberry, fennel, earthy notes Reasonable affinity with oak ```
47
Describe Macabeo?
``` 36% of Cava production Late budding Picked first High yielding Susceptible to botrytis, bacterial blight Light intensity, apple, lemon ```
48
Describe Perellada?
``` 20% of Cava production Early budding Planted on higher sites Low yielding Latest ripening Finesse, floral notes Susceptible to powdery mildew ```
49
Describe Chardonnay, in Cava?
9% of Cava production Adds body, richness, finesse Clone/rootstock choice highly important - keep potential alcohol and ripening restrained
50
Black grapes of Cava?
Only used in Rosado Trepat Pinot Noir Garnacha Tinta Monastrell
51
Vine planting in Cava?
Low/moderate densities | Bush vines or single/double cordon
52
Vineyard practices used in Cava?
``` Irrigation allowed but strictly controlled Copper/sulfur use Canopy management Sexual confusion Gluconic acid testing (botrytis) 90% hand harvesting (machine allowed) ```
53
Prosecco PDOs?
``` Prosecco DOC - may include Treviso or Trieste Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG aka Prosecco DOCG (16%) - promoted in 2009 from DOC - must use either or both town name - may include superiore and/or drop Prosecco Asolo Prosecco DOCG (2%) - may include superiore - South of Valdobbiadene ```
54
Climate of Prosecco?
Moderate continental Moderate rainfall Fertile soils
55
Describe Glera:
Vigorous, very high yielding Semi-aromatic Susceptible to millerandage, powdery/downy mildew, drought, and grapevine yellows
56
Trellising/Training for Glera?
Sylvoz, double-arched cane, single/double Guyot | Vertical trellising with 8-12 buds (first 2 not fruitful)
57
What is Sylvoz?
High cordon training with downward shoots Used for high vigor/high yields (Prosecco DOC) Inexpensive - minimizes pruning, machine harvest suitable Provides frost protection, but increased risk of shade Requires careful monitoring and trimming
58
Define double-arched cane:
Replacement cane pruning with canes bent into arches Improves evenness of growth and ventilation Common in Prosecco DOCG Each branch must be tied (cost) and repeated shoot thinning to open canopy
59
What is ciglione?
Steep grassy banks in Prosecco DOCG that require maintenance/repair
60
When is hand harvesting required in Prosecco?
Steep parts of DOCG area | Cartizze, Rive, and sui lieviti
61
Three regions for growing Moscato d'Asti?
Asti Alexandria Cuneo
62
Climate of Asti DOCG?
Moderate continental Cold winters Hot, dry summers
63
Describe Moscato Bianco?
``` Early budding Mid-ripening Small berries Prone to powdery mildew, botrytis, mites Thin skin ```
64
Planting in Asti?
Medium density Guyot, VSP Clay, limestone soils
65
Describe the climate and soil of Emilia-Romagna?
Warm continental Adequate rainfall, but irrigation still used Clay and silt alluvial soil High fertility soils with good water retention but prone to compaction High humidity
66
Vine training and harvesting of Lambrusco?
Cordon trained and Geneva Double Curtain (high vigour) | Mechanization
67
Most important Lambrusco varieties?
Lambrusco Salamino Lambrusco Grasparossa Lambrusco di Sorbara
68
Five Lambrusco DOCs, and grape variety laws?
Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce (85% Salamino) Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro (85% Grasparossa) Lambrusco di Sorbara (60% Sorbara) Reggiano Lambrusco Lambrusco di Modena
69
Region for Franciacorta, and region for still wines in the area?
Lombardy | Still: Curtefranca DOC
70
Climate for Lombardy?
Warm continental Lake Iseo moderates Gentle slopes Adequate rain, but irrigation permitted if needed
71
Grape varieties in Franciacorta?
Chardonnay (75%) Pinot Noir A little Pinot Blanc
72
Grape growing in Franciacorta?
75% organic, working towards 100% Mostly estate grown Cordon/Guyot only allowed, no over-training
73
Grapes of Trentodoc?
Chardonnay (many 100%) | Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc, Meunier also allowed
74
Climate of Trentino?
Warm continental | High diurnal range due to mountains
75
Soil of Trentino?
Well drained and stony Poor nutrients Leads to high flavor intensity
76
Vineyard management in Trentino?
``` Slopes - hand harvesting CHardonnay cooler, Pinot Noir warmer Later harvest for flavor intensity Guyot/Pergola Mildew and botrytis are issues ```
77
Grape growing process for Sekt?
Grown in southern Europe Crushed in region Chilled juice transported to Germany
78
Climate for German Sekt?
Cool continental | Hand harvesting for higher quality
79
Grapes for German Sekt?
Riesling (most prestigious) | Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Chardonnay, Silvaner, Scheurebe
80
Climate of Englahd/Wales?
``` All above 50*L Long daylight Cool maritime climate Previously 13* average, now 14* - enough to ripen fruit Heavy rain Warmer springs ```
81
Site selection in England/Wales?
South-facing slopes Shelter from SW winds Good drainage Below 125m above sea level
82
Importance of Guyot system?
Narrow rows close to ground = retain heat | Thin canopies = allow air & light
83
Soil of England/Wales?
``` Some Clay (lower acid/more fruit) Some Chalk (finesse/higher acid) ```
84
Most important areas for US Sparkling?
``` Anderson Valley Russian River Valley Carneros Washington State Oregon ```
85
Regions for sparkling in Chile?
``` Casablanca San Antonio Limari Curico Bio Bio ```
86
Grapes used for Sparkling in Chile?
``` Chardonnay Pinot Noir Sauvignon Blanc Pais Moscatel ```
87
Where are grapes grown in Argentina?
Lujan de Cuyo Uco Valley Neuquen and Rio Negro (Patagonia)
88
Grapes for sparkling in Argentina?
``` Pedro Gimenez (local, no Ximenez relation) Chardonnay Chenin Blanc Pinot Noir Ugni Blanc Semillon ```
89
Climate/vineyard issues in Argentina?
High altitude/South for sparkling for cool climate Hail Spring frost Nematodes
90
Grapes used for Cap Classique?
Chardonnay Pinot Noir Pinotage Chenin Blanc
91
Where is South African sparkling grown? What is the soil?
``` Robertson (limestone) Bonnievale (limestone) Stellenbosch (shale/clay/granite) Paarl (S/C/G) Darling (S/C/G) Tulbagh (S/C/G) ```
92
Climate of South Africa?
Warm with cooling influences - Breede river
93
Where is traditional method sparkling grown in Australia?
``` Tasmania (primary) Yarra Valley Adelaide Hills Victoria New South Wales ```
94
Climate/vineyard problems of Australia?
Tasmania - colder than Champagne but more sunlight All other areas - warm, look for high altitude vineyards Spring frost High rainfall Coulure/botrytis
95
Where is inexpensive wine grown in Australia? Describe the vineyards?
South-Eastern Australia Irrigation Mechanized 2-3x yields of cool areas
96
Describe growing of Sparkling Shiraz?
Warm-climate regions - Victoria, Barossa, McLaren Vale | Grapes picked at the same time as still wines
97
Describe Traditional method sparkling from Australia?
Modeled after Champagne Long lees aging (3+ years common) MLF optional Late disgorged an emerging category
98
Describe mid-priced Australian sparkling?
Transfer, tank, or carbonation Made from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Moscato, Glera Range of styles
99
How is sparkling Shiraz made?
``` Made like still red wine Traditional (premium), transfer, tank, or carbonation MLF Oaked or unoaked High dosage (20+ g/L) ```
100
Describe the profile of Sparkling Shiraz?
``` Deep ruby-garnet Medium(-) to Medium acid Medium to High alcohol Medium ripe/soft tannins Medium to Full bodied Medium to Pronounced intensity ```
101
What is Innocent Bystander?
A sparkling pink moscato | Category is trending domestically
102
Where is sparkling grown in New Zealand?
Marlborough Central Otago Gisborne
103
Climate/vineyard issues in New Zealand?
Coolest on South, warmer in Gisborne Low vineyard risks Irrigation required

D4 (3 decks)

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