Wine And Health

Question 0

Famous words of of German physician Paracelsus?

Answer 0

Whether wine is a nourishment,medicine or poison is a matter of dosage.

Question 1

Who introduced wines and why?

Answer 1

Around 450 bc Hippocrates reccomended wine to disinfect wounds, cue fevers and for its nutritional value.

Question 2

Why is wine often more safe to drink than water?

Answer 2

Because of a high alcohol content and acid content and it’s inhibition of pathogens

Question 3

What is the French paradox?

Answer 3

French people have a high intake of fat and yet low mortality due to coronary heart disease. Showed wine as a factor. Sales of red wine in the us increased by 39 percent following that broadcast.

Question 4

What is the Mediterranean diet made up of?

Answer 4

Fruit, fish, salad, olive oil and wine, considered very healthy

Question 5

What is the chemical make-up of wines?

Answer 5

• H20,
• glucose and fructose sugars
  Sugar level need to be 10gl for the wine to be sweet
  -Ethanol 8-100 g/L CH3CH2OH
• ACIDS 5 TO 10 G/L
  -aroma compounds 1 g/L
  High alcohols add distinctive fossil aromatic character to whiskey and port
  Esters a byproduct of yeast fermentation and spoilage organisms
  -nitrogen containing compounds
  Amino acids are a nitrogen sources for yeast activity

Question 6

With cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide accounting for 57% of deaths among developed nations what is the difference between low-density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein?

Answer 6

LDL is involved in the transport of cholesterol and fats in the blood.
HDL removes cholesterol accumulated in the arteries

Question 7

What is the purpose of epidemiological studies. what do they investigate?

Answer 7

Investigate the overall risk of a kind of disease within specific large groups of people

Question 8

Where does the term wine doctor come from?

Answer 8

After an outbreak of malnutrition and scurvy on ships. Ships were ordered to give their convicts/ every one on board wine to prevent sickness. The wine was administrated by doctors, who soon became experts of wine.

Question 9

What are flavournoids?

Answer 9

A class of polyphenols, have a benificial effect with borderline vitamen c definiciancy. Polyphenol compounds provide astringency and bitterness colour and mouth feel in wines.

Question 10

What are some further biological effects of wine?

Answer 10

Polyphenols of wines have been shown to have good antioxidant properties in a range of lab in vitriol antioxidant test procedures

Red wine or grape juice can increase nitric oxide (NO)

Studies have been carried out on rats to show that wine tends to induce relaxation

Question 11

Can the effect of alcohol reduce the aggregation of platelets

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What sort of wine has been observed to lesson the incidence of thrombosis(blood clotting)

Answer 12

Red wine

Question 13

What is the increase in HDL due to?

Answer 13

Alcohol not grape juice

Question 14

What are stilbenes?

Answer 14

Minor components in wine 0.1%.

The principle stilbene, resveratro, is produced by vines in response to botrytis infection and other fungal attacks. Found in the Leaves and the grape skins.

Question 15

Are all Polyphenols absorbed equally?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

Where are the polyphenols absorbed?

Answer 16

Most polyphenols cannot be absorbed in the intestine, resist breaking up int the stomach. May still make their way to gastrointestinal testininal tract and colon and protect against oxidising agents.

Can be degraded by microflora in the colon to release a range of compounds that can be released

Question 17

What is tissue uptake?

Answer 17

Polyphenols have been detected in a range of tissues with unequal distribution

Question 18

What is an organic wine?

Answer 18

Means only a more limited number of additives can be used. The amount of sulfur dioxide is about 50% less for example. Often need to be consumed before other wines to avoid oxidation and quality loss.

Question 19

What stops unwanted yeast and bacteria?

Answer 19

Sulfur dioxide

Question 20

What chemical can cause asthma attacks in sensitive allergic individuals?

Answer 20

SO2

Question 21

While does red wine stain teeth?

Answer 21

Causes chemical erosion , wines are mildly acidic pH 3 to 4

Question 22

What is gout?

Answer 22

Gout is brought by crystallisation of uric acid in the joints and localised inflammation often brought about by reduce excretion of Uric acid through the kidneys.

Question 23

Heavy alcohol consumption can cause?

Answer 23

Cirrhosis of the liver, breast cancer

Question 24

What are some of the diseases associated with heavy alcohol consumption?

Answer 24

Neurological disorders such as intoxication addiction withdrawal syndrome etc

Malignancy such as oral and pharyngeal, laryngeal, stomach, breast

Cardiac disorders such as hypertension, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia

Immune system disorders: impaired immune system, more frequent infections and complications

Hypatologic disorders: bone marrow suppression, nutritional and blood loss anaemia

Others include: hepatic dysfunction, psychiatric, Gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal, other

Question 25

What is blood alcohol consumption (BAC) ?

Answer 25

BAC is defined as grams of alcohol per hundred millilitres of blood.
A standard drink is defined as 100 ml serving of a 12.5% vol wine we get 10g of alcohol.

Question 26

A man weighing 68kg typically has 45 litres of body fluid through which the alcohol becomes evenly distributed. What is the amount of alcohol per 100ml that a single serving would give?

Answer 26

10/450 = 22 mg per 100 ml

Question 27

Where does the process of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) occur?

Answer 27

Some occurs in the stomach but most of the process occurs in the liver.

Question 28

Effects of eating food while drinking?

Answer 28

When food and alcohol consumed at the same time the exit valve of the stomach closes in order to digester food, which prevents the alcohol from passing quickly into the small intestine, which could cause more harm to the body.

Question 29

There are two pathways in the liver in which alcohol is broken down, what are they? And what are their purpose.

Answer 29

First pathway: ethanol is converted into acetaldehyyde using alcohol dehydrogenase.nand then to acetate

The second pathway makes use of microsomal ethanol oxidizing system using molecular O2

Question 30

What are the effects of alcohol on the brain?

Answer 30

Alcohol is both a stimulant and a depressant, and can make people feel revved up by closing down different circuits in the brain. At low levels alcohol works as an accelerator in a similar way to cocaine or amphetamines in increasing electrical activity in the brain affecting pleasure and euphoria. It also leads to a calming and easing of anxiety through targeting circuits acted upon by drugs like Valium.

Alcohol also increases self-confidence and reduces depression to acting on the serotonin system.

Question 31

Causes of headaches?

Answer 31

Dehydration also works to intensify the effects of ethanol in the brain and the well-known hangover

Biogenic amines such as histamine have also been suggested as a source of headaches. Release of histamine can cause dilation in blood vessels.

Polyphenols

Release of prostaglandin

Sensitivity to sulfates