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Applied Veterinary Nursing > Wildlife Triage > Flashcards

Wildlife Triage Flashcards

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1
Q

Why vet professionals get involved in wildlife rehab?

A
  • Ethical, legal and professional
    requirements
  • Animal welfare
  • Conservation
  • Disease monitoring
  • ‘Addressing the balance’ of
    mans’ actions
  • Personal satisfaction
  • Public demand and practice PR
  • Education
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2
Q

zoonotic viral infection(s) in birds:

A

Avian influenza [aerosol-, west nile virus (flavivirus) [insect bites, aerosol]

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3
Q

Species commonly affected by rabies (lyssavirus) and route of infection

A

bats, foxes.
Bites, saliva contamination of wounds

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4
Q

Common zoonotic viral infection in seals? Route of infection?

A

Seal pox (poxvirus).
Skin contact

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5
Q

Zoonotic viral disease in most species?
Common route of infection?

A

Parvovirus.
Faecal-oral

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6
Q

Species affected by Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter spp.)
Route of infection?

A

Most spp., esp. birds.
Faecal-oral
[Bacterial infection]

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7
Q

Species affected by Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis) (Chlamydia psittaci)
Route of infection?

A

Pigeons and other birds.
Aerosol.
[Bacterial infection]

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8
Q

Species affected by Coliform infections (Escherichia coli and others)
Route of infection?

A

Most species.
Faecal-oral.
[Bacterial infection]

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9
Q

Species affected by Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)
Route of infection?

A

Rodents, foxes
Urine contamination
[Bacterial infection]

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10
Q

Species affected by Lyme disease(Borrelia burgdorferi)
Route of infection?

A

Deer, foxes
Tick bites
[Bacterial infection]

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11
Q

Species affected by Mycoplasmosis ‘seal finger’ (Mycoplasma spp.)
Route of infection?

A

Seals
Skin contact
[Bacterial infection]

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12
Q

Species affected by Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)
Route of infection?

A

Most species.
Faecal-oral.
[Bacterial infection]

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13
Q

Species affected by Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium avium)
Route of infection?

A

Badgers, deer.
Aerosol, post-mortem exam.
[Bacterial infection]

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14
Q

Species affected by Dermatophytosis/ringworm (Trichophyton erinacei, Microsporum, Trichophyton sp.)
Route of infection?

A

Hedehogs, foxes.
Skin contact (esp via spines of hedgehogs)
[Fungal infection]

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15
Q

Species affected by Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidia spp.)
Route of infection?

A

Most species.
Faecal-oral.
[protozoal infection]

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16
Q

Species affected by Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei)
Route of infection?

A

Foxes
skin contact
[Parasitic infection (caused by mite)]

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17
Q

How to control H&S risks?

A
  • Limit those at risk:
    – staff
    – volunteers
    – general public
  • Provide suitable training, risk
    assessments and SOPs:
    – staff
    – volunteers
  • Provide suitable facilities,
    equipment and training:
    – gloves
    – gauntlets
    – graspers
    – cages
    – swan bags etc.
  • Vaccination where
    recommended (rabies, bTB).
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18
Q

Triage definition:

A

‘The assignment of degrees of urgency to wounds or
illnesses to decide the order of treatment of a large
number of patients or casualties’
* ‘The process of determining the most important people
or things from amongst a large number that require
attention.’

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19
Q

Most common usage of triage:

A

initial assessment of a casualty to
make a decision to treat or
euthanasia’

20
Q

Legalities regarding non-indigenous species (eg grey squirrels, muntjac deer):

A

require licenses to keep. Cannot legally be released

21
Q

Considerations for initial assessements of wildlife casualty:

A

From a distance, quite and safe environment, experienced person, ASAP.
Consider mentation, demeanor, movement, breathing, wing position.

22
Q

Examining head:

A
  • Eyes – ophthalmic examination
    especially in birds of prey
  • Ears and nares for discharge or
    bleeding
  • Jaw – fracture, dislocation
  • Oral cavity of birds - bleeding,
    white plaques (Trichomonosis),
    parasites (Syngamus trachea)
  • Beak - not soft, closes normally,
    normal length, no excess scaling,
    not unevenly worn
  • Take care regarding health and
    safety.
23
Q

Skin, feathers, coat and spines

A
  • Examine the whole of the outer
    body for evidence of wounds,
    bruising or bleeding
  • Wounds (e.g. from cat bites) may
    be very small on the outside but
    extensive inside the animal
  • Look for any abnormalities in the
    skin and coat or feathers
  • Notice any missing or damaged
    feathers, lack of pigmentation,
    stress (fret) marks
  • Look for ecto-parasites.
24
Q

Anus, cloaca, reproductive system

A
  • Look for excessive soiling around the
    anus or cloaca and anal abnormalities
    (e.g. prolapses)
  • Look for discharge from the vulva in
    female mammals
  • In birds check for a ‘brood patch’
  • In female mammals check the
    mammary glands for evidence of
    feeding young or other abnormalities
  • In male mammals check the prepuce
    for discharge or wounds and the
    scrotum for wounds
25
Q

What is a brood patch?

A

also known as an incubation patch, is a patch of featherless skin on the underside of birds during the nesting season.

26
Q

Limbs, feet, wings and tail

A
  • In birds consider the wing position
  • Check each wing separately, palpate
    and gently manipulate the joints
  • Look and feel down each leg, gently
    move the joints
  • Look at the feet and claws for
    evidence of sores, thickening, or
    abnormal wear
  • In water birds check the foot web
  • Look and feel down the tail in
    mammals with large tails. Check the
    tails of reptiles in a similar way.
27
Q

Body weight (clinical exam):

A
  • Weigh the casualty if you can either directly or using a
    pre-weighed box/cage and subtracting the known weight
  • Record the weight (g or Kg) on a record sheet
  • Weight can be compared to average weight charts for
    that species, but will vary with age, sex, health and
    season of the year
28
Q

Body temp considerations:

A
  • May be possible to take a rectal / cloacal temperature
    safely.
  • Remember body temperature varies with:
    – disease
    – environmental temperature (time of year)
    – stress
  • Can be useful for prognosis (e.g. in oiled birds)
29
Q

Badger body temp

A

36.0-38.0°C

30
Q

Fox body temp

A

35.9-40.4°C

31
Q

Otter body temp

A

37.8-40.0°C

32
Q

Deer body temp

A

38.6-39.3°C

33
Q

Hedgehog body temp

A

35.4-37.0°C

34
Q

Rabbit body temp

A

38.5-40.0°C

35
Q

Bird body temp

A

41.0-44.00°C

36
Q

Checking for identification:

A
  • Look for evidence of:
    – rings on birds and bats
    – tags or tattoos on birds and
    mammals
  • Scan with a microchip
    reader, microchips are
    usually:
    – mammals: between the
    scapulae
    – birds: pectoral muscle.
37
Q

First aid for wildlife casualty?

A
  • Fluid therapy
  • Analgesia
  • Stopping haemorrhage
  • Fracture support
  • Temperature
    maintenance
  • Nursing care
  • Accommodation
  • Food and water.
38
Q

Medical reasons for euthanasia

A
  • Behavioural abnormalities
  • Damage to jaw or beak
  • Loss of hearing
  • Blindness
  • Loss of an eye, or vision in an
    eye, where essential
  • Loss of a limb (or wing) or
    permanent loss of function
  • Fracture of a limb or wing
    involving or very close to a joint
  • Permanent feather damage or
    loss of waterproofing
  • Fracture of the pelvis resulting in
    narrowing of the pelvic canal
  • Loss of reproductive function.
39
Q

Accomodation in vet practice:

A
  • Not really ideal places for wildlife
  • Appropriate level of isolation
  • Appropriate place in the practice
  • Cover the fronts of kennels with
    blankets
  • Suitable kennels
  • Suitable bedding
  • Perches, water, or suitable aviary
    floors for birds
  • Appropriate light levels
  • Appropriate ventilation and humidity
  • Appropriate temperature
  • Good levels of hygiene
40
Q

Suitable release sites (adults)?

A

Ideally all adults go back exactly where found.
- disease control
- genetic considerations
territorial considerations

41
Q

Sitable release sites (juveniles)?

A

Need new sites
- safe (roads, hunting, people)
- suitable population density
- suitable food/habitat
- consider risk of disease transmission to same species and livestock
- landowner consent
- soft release enclosures
- support feeding

42
Q

Methods of post release monitoring (in house and short term):

A

correction fluid, permanent marker, nail varnish, fur clip

43
Q

Methods of post release monitoring (in house and long term):

A

Micro-chip, tattoo, ring, band etc

44
Q

Methods of post release monitoring:

A

direct observation, trail cameras, bait marking,, RFID, radio tracking (radio, satellite, GPS), DNA sampling (hair, faeces)

45
Q

Things to consider as part of triage - ideally before animal is treated and/or after first aid

A
  • Suitable casualty
  • Adequate veterinary
    care
  • Suitable rehabilitation
    care and facilities
  • Suitable release sites
  • Time of year and
    weather
  • Legal issues.
46
Q

Factors that influemce when you can release:

A

Time of year (migration, hibernation)
weather
natural breeding seasons
may be welfare issues associated with keeping until release is possible

Applied Veterinary Nursing (3 decks)

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