Wildlife pathology Flashcards
What is the most common cause of death in zoo animals?
Stress- Captivity.
then probably
disease
ill treatment
What are the common diseases in zoo animals?
Mostly dependant on malnutrition so:
obesity
dental disease
gout
metabolic bone disease
metastatic mineralisation
hypovitaminoses
iron storage disease
What is gout?
A disease in which defective metabolism of uric acid causes arthritis, especially in smaller bones of the feet. this causes severe acute inflammation and pain.
What is tophi?
Uric acid crystals accumulating in the tissue.
Due to elevated blood uric acid levels
What is haemosiderosis?
Is the accumulation of haemosiderin in tissues without alteration. Iron storage disease is the associated is pathologic lesions of haemosiderin containing lesions.
What is canine rabies?
It is a viral disease that is a lysavirus. RNA virus highly neutrophilic.
Causes encephalitis with varied clinical signs
Classically dumb or furious forms
What is the pathogenesis of canine rabies?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/759/596/a_image_thumb.png?1451308048
How is rabies diagnosed?
No seroconversion till later in the disease.
No specific gross lesions of the disease
So requires laboratory testing of the brain tissue. Standard methods are recommended by OIE.
Then fluorescent antibody test is the gold standard test.
Secondary tests include ELISA and IHC.
What is gliolis?
Glial nodule formation
https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/760/009/a_image_thumb.png?1451308427
How are the blood cells in mammals broken down into?
Mainly there two categories?
Then broken either further?
Leukocytes- Granulocytes
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
Mononuclear cells
_-_Lymphocytes
-monocytes
Haemostatic cells-
-platelets
What type of red blood cells are in the avian and exotic body?
Thrombocytes
Define the term parasitism?
An intimate relationship between two organisms where one species lives at the expense of the other host.
What are the different pathogenic effects that a parasite may have on its host?
interfere with the normal functioning of an organ.
stimulate hypersensitivity reactions
induce an ascending paralysis in animals they feed on as a result of neurotoxins injected with their
saliva
transmit a wide variety of diseases
How do chemical contaminants make beluga whales more susceptible to infection?
By suppressing host immune function.
How do parasites affect host numbers of the reproductive system? Give an example?
Factors that can interupt the experiment are: External factors that could affect that host parasite relationship
ethical considerations
Introduction of the nematode, Heligosomoides polygyrus into a mouse colony reduced the host population density by almost 20-fold. Mouse numbers did recover slightly after the initial fall as parasites were eliminated and transmission rates reduced.
How do parasites affect host mortality rates? Examples?
Parasites are also thought to be responsible for the death of their hosts - brought about by a shortage of food
“A few years ago there was a mass death of eiders in the Wadden Sea (part of North Sea next to The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark) due to large numbers of acanthocephalan parasites, which use crabs as their intermediate hosts. Normally, eider ducks feed on cockles though, in some years, cockle numbers may be much lower than normal due to a combination of factors such as water temperature, weather conditions and over fishing by man. It is then that eiders feed more on crabs, acquire large worm burdens which, in turn, increases mortality in young eiders”
How do parasites affect host behavior?Example?
Parasites might also bring about the death of their hosts by altering their behaviour.
“The blood-sucking mite, Varroa destructor, (i) infects larval bees and causes deformity during their growth in the brood cells; (ii) transmits certain bee viruses (deformed wing virus, acute paralysis virus of bees); and (iii) has been shown to disrupt the normal behaviour of adult worker bees, i.e. instead of returning to their home hive after finding a source of nectar, infested mites will often go to new hives and so aid the spread of the parasite.”
How do parasites affect their host location? Example?
Parasites are also capable of influencing the distribution of their host species
“The tsetse fly, Glossina found only in sub-Saharan Africa, transmits several species of trypanosomes, which are protozoan parasites responsible for sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals. The disease is characterised by exhaustion of the lymphoid system, anaemia, emaciation and death in both animals and man. In the absence of effective tsetse control measures, a large belt of land across central Africa, where the fly is found, is rendered unfit for rearing domestic livestock. “
Name some positive affects of parasites?
1) Protection against predators
2) Protection against other parasites
3) Advantage over competitor host species
4) Advantage in adverse environment
