Wildlife nut Flashcards
Energy metabolism, all metabolic transformations.
Phosphorus
Blood clotting, egg shell formation, muscle contraction, skeletal formation.
Calcium
Retarded growth, osteoporosis, rickets, eggshell thinning, reduced antler growth.
Calcium deficiency
Loss of appetite, pica, rickets, weakness/death.
Phosphorus deficiency
Abnormal eating habits
Pica
Bone disease, reduction in bone strength.
Osteoporosis
Softening and weakening of bones
Rickets
Excess of phosphorus, lower levels of calcium lead to calcium resorption from the bones.
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
Another name for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Metabolic bone disease.
Bone meal, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate (limestone).
Calcium and Phosphorus supplements.
Regulation of body fluid volume and osmolarity, necessary for growth and reproduction.
Sodium
Steroid hormone that stimulates potassium excretion and sodium absorption and retention by the kidney, sweat/salivary glands, and GI mucosa.
Aldosterone
Corneal keratinization, gonadal inactivity, adrenal hypertrophy, hypovolemic shock/death.
Sodium deficiency
High levels of precipitation lead to:
low levels of sodium in the environment
Salt licks, aquatic plants, burnt wood, soil.
Sodium supplements
Balances sodium on outside of cell, carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activation, osmotic regulation.
Potassium
Reduces availability and retention of elements such as sodium or magnesium, leading to a deficiency of those elements.
Excess potassium.
Muscle weakness, cardiorespiratory weakness/failure, tubular degeneration of kidneys.
Potassium deficiency
Essential constituent of bones and teeth, enzyme activation relative to energy metabolism.
Magnesium.
Vasodilation, hyperirritability, convulsions, soft tissue calcification, defective bones and teeth.
Magnesium deficiency
Magnesium ammonium phosphate.
Struvite crystals
Grass tetany/staggers.
Magnesium deficiency.
acid-base relations, gastric acidity, and digestion.
Chloride
Hemoconcentration, dehydration, nervous disorders.
Chloride deficiency
Development of growing neonate’s hemoglobin, myoglobin.
Iron
Anemia, whitish discoloration of underfur.
Iron deficiency
Iron supplement injections, geophagia, mineral licks.
Iron supplements.
Enlargement of the thyroid.
Goiter (Iodine deficiency and excess)
Fresh beef or freshwater fish are low, liver and marine fish are high.
Iodine
Cabbage, kale, Brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, turnips, soybeans.
Goitrogenic plants.
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
Iodine.
Red meat low; liver, heart, brain, and kidney much higher.
Copper.
Calcium, cadmium, zinc, iron, lead, silver, molybdenum, sulfur can all interfere with absorbing:
Copper.
Anemias, faded coat color.
Copper deficiency.
Achromotrichia (hair color loss) and alopecia.
Copper deficiency due to excess zinc.
Copper sulfate, copper glycinate, liver, slow release copper.
Copper supplementations.
Reduced growth and feed intake, parakeratosis (keratinization of tongue epithelium), alopecia.
Zinc deficiency.
Solubilized from galvanized pails, pipes, troughs, or cages.
Zinc supplementations
Glutathione peroxidase.
Selenium
White muscle disease.
Selenium deficiency.
Glutathione peroxidase activates after 20-30 days following:
Selenium supplementation.
Alkali disease or blind staggers. Hoof sloughing, heart atrophy, cirrhosis of liver, blindness.
Selenium toxicity.
Osteomalacia.
Excess fluoride levels, decreased calcium levels.
Capture myopathy.
Selenium.
Broken, pitted, blackened teeth, abnormal wear due to softening of teeth, fractures of teeth or jaw bones.
Fluoride toxicity.
Proper formation of cartilaginous matrix of bone.
Manganese.
Improper bone formation and growth.
Manganese deficiency.
Calcium and phosphorus reduce its absorption.
Manganese.
Liver consumption in young raptors.
Manganese.
Induces copper deficiencies.
Molybdenum.
Fat soluble vitamins.
Vitamin A, D, E, K
Liver (primary source and storage), fat, cod liver oil.
Sources of Vitamin A
Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid.
Vitamin A
Internal hemorrhaging, yellow discoloration of liver, deformed embryos, bone fractures.
Hypervitaminosis A
Antirachitic
Cures/prevents rickets
Improper or inadequate calcium metabolism
Vitamin D deficiency
Ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol.
Vitamin D
Sun exposure
Vitamin D
Retarded bone growth, increases bone resorption, bone deformities, promotes cellular degeneration, calcification of soft tissues.
Hypervitaminosis D
Keeps fat from breaking down, preventing lipid peroxidation (antioxidant).
Vitamin E
Tocopheryl acetate.
Vitamin E
Frozen storage of fish, evisceration of fish prior to feeding leads to:
Vitamin E deficiency
Fat reserves are site of greatest storage.
Vitamin E
Hemorrhaging and death due to reducing blood platelets and clotting time.
Hypervitaminosis E
Antihemorrhagic vitamin, synthesis of require blood clotting proteins.
Vitamin K
Phylloquinone and menaquinone.
Vitamin K
Water soluble vitamins
Thiamin, Vitamin C, various Vitamin B (riboflavin, etc)
Many species of fish have this which inhibits thiamin.
Thiaminase.
Large amounts of thiaminase lead to:
Thiamin deficiency.
Dietary variety, thiamin supplement given away from potential thiaminase.
Thiamin supplementation.
Ascorbic acid.
Vitamin C
Some species can synthesize this in the liver while others cannot synthesize at all.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
Green plants and fleshy fruits.
Source of Vitamin C
Essential fatty acids
Linoleic, arachidonic, linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acids.
Cats require 2 fatty acids.
Linoleic and arachidonic acids.
Green plants, animal fat, some seed oils.
Linoleic acid sources
meat, liver, milk, some seafoods.
Arachidonic acid sources.
Lion needs 4 supplements.
Vitamin A, taurine, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid.
0 kcal/g energy
Water, sodium chloride.
4.1-4.2 kcal/g dry
Wheat corn
4.1 kcal/g dry
Millet
4.4 kcal/g dry, 1.3 kcal/g wet
Grass
5.9 kcal/g
Sunflower seed kernels
6.1 kcal/g
peanuts
6.5 kcal/g
walnuts
7.2 kcal/g, 8.8 kcal/g dry
Butter
8.4 kcal/g dry
vegetable oils
2.7 kcal/g fresh, 6.95 kcal/g dry
steak
0.72 kcal/g fresh, 5.54 kcal/g dry
whole cow’s milk
5.88 kcal/g fresh, 8.4 kcal/g dry
hooded seal milk
Amount of energy required to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius
Calorie
5.4 kcal (4.1 kcal/g usable)
Protein
9 kcal
Fat
4 kcal
Carbs
Amino acids to remember
Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Threonine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Valine, Taurine.
