Botany final Flashcards
Homosporous, dichotomously branched, perennial, microphyllous herbs…
Lycopodiaceae
Erect to prostrate herbs, with dichotomously branched stems, sometimes forming planar branch systems…
Selaginellaceae
Rhizomatous perennial herbs, the arial shoots hollow, ridged, with siliceous epidermal cells…
Equisetaceae
Rootless, rhizomatous, perennial herbs, dichotomously branched stems, aerial stems photosynthetic…
Psilotaceae
Homosporous, eusporangiate, perennial herbs;
Ophioglossaceae
Erect stems, dimorphic leaves or leaf segments with sori and indusia absent, and short stalked…
Osmundaceae
Rhizomatous aquatic ferns, the leaves lacking blade tissue…
Marsileaceae
Floating, aquatic herbs, the leaves simples, either in whorls of 3 bearing water repellant trichomes…
Salviniaceae
Mostly arborescent, the shoots generally covered with trichomes or scales…
Cyatheaceae
Distinctive in having shoot apices with clathrate scales and leaves with elongate, linear sori and indusia.
Aspleniaceae
Rhizomatous, creeping to climbing plants, the shoot apices with non-clathrate scales…
Dryopteridaceae
Exindusiate, mostly epiphytic ferns, sori usually round, oblong, or elliptic.
Polypodiaceae
Exindusiate sori, either marginal with false indusia, or intramarginal in lines along veins.
Pteridaceae
Palm-like; leaflets circinate when young; megasporophylls group at the stem apex…
Cycadaceae
Fern-like or palm-like; leaflets flat when young; megasporangiate strobili 1 to several;
Zamiaceae
Leaves simple, fan-shaped, deciduous, dichotomously-veined;
Ginkgoaceae
Cones with spirally arranged, flattened bract-scale complexes; ovules 2, inverted;
Pinaceae
Leaves scale-like, tightly appressed and as short as 1 mm to linear and up to about 3 cm long;
Cupressaceae
Pollen without saccae, the exine pitted; cones solitary, eventually disintegrating…
Araucariaceae
Ovules solitary and cones lacking; seeds with a hard outer layer, associated with a fleshy, usually bright colored aril.
Taxaceae
Branches usually green and photosynthetic; leaves scale-like, fused basally into a sheath, often shed soon after developing; pollen without saccae.
Ephedraceae
Vessel-less, evergreen shrubs with unisexual flowers having an undifferentiated, spiral perianth…
Amborellaceae
Aquatic herbs with floating leaves and solitary floating to emergent flowers…
Nymphaceae
Trees and shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, solitary flowers, a usually undifferentiated petaloid perianth…
Magnoliaceae
Perennial trees or shrubs (rarely vines) with aromatic oil glands, evergreen leaves…
Lauraceae
Plants with raphide crystals, leaves with parallel or netted venation…
Araceae
Herbs usually with bulbs and contractile roots; tepal petaloid and often with spots or lines.
Liliaceae
Large rosette herbs; anomalous secondary growth; leaves in rosettes at base or ends of branches..
Agavaceae
Herbs from a bulb with contractile roots; characteristic “amaryllis” alkaloids present…
Amaryllidaceae
Styloids (large prismatic crystals) of calcium oxalate present in sheaths of vascular bundles;
Iridaceae
Plants terrestrial or epiphytic, roots strongly mycorrhizal, often with spongy, water-absorbing epidermis composed of dead cells…
Orchidaceae
Trees or shrubs with unbranched or rarely branched trunks; apex of stem with a large apical meristem;
Arecaceae
Herbs, usually epiphytic, with hairs with water-absorbing peltate scales, occasionally merely stellate;
Bromeliaceae
Stems rounded and solid; leaves 3-ranked , composed of a sheath and blade with the sheath usually open;
Juncaceae
Stem triangular in cross-section; tepals lacking or reduced to usually 3-6 scales, bristles, or hairs…
Cyperaceae
Inflorescence of spikelets composed of an axis bearing 2-ranked and closely overlapping basal bracts and florets;
Poaceae
Spicy-aromatic herbs, scattered secretory cells containing ethereal oils, various terpenes, and phenyl-propanoid compounds;
Zingiberaceae
Perianth with tepals 4 to numerous, distinct; or differentiated into calyx and corolla, then sepals usually 5, distinct and deciduous…
Ranunculaceae
Wood usually colored yellow by berberine; sepals usually 6, occasionally 4, distinct; petals in two parts:
Berberidaceae
Often with laticifers present and plants with white, cream, yellow, orange, or red sap;
Papaveraceae
Flowers with a variously developed hypanthium; petals usually 4 or 5, distinct, often clawed; stigmas separate.
Saxifragaceae
Succulent herbs; flowers lacking a hypanthium; carpels usually 4 or 5, slightly connate at base.
Crassulaceae
Usually lianas with leaf-opposed tendrils; inflorescence usually appearing leaf-opposed due to growth of the axillary branch from the opposing leaf axil;
Vitaceae
Plants often with laticifers containing milky or colored latex, usually poisonous; inflorescence often highly modified, sometimes forming false flowers in cyathia…
Euphorbiaceae
Leaves simple, the teeth salicoid (with veins expanding at the tooth apex and associated with spherical, glandular setae);
Salicaceae
Leaves pinnately (or twice pinnately) compound, to palmately compound, trifoliate or unifoliate, pulvinus of leaf and individual leaflets well developed;
Fabaceae
Thorns sometimes present, prickles sometimes present; flowers with a hypanthium ranging from flat to cup-shaped or cylindrical and either free from or adnate to the carpels…
Rosaceae
Herbaceous or soft-wooded vines, usually with spirally coiled and often branched tendrils;
Cucurbitaceae
Leaves simple but often lobed, entire to serrate, with pinnate venation; inflorescence determinate, often erect and spicate…
Fagaceae
Leaves doubly serrate; inflorescence forming erect to pendulous catkins; fruit an achene, nut, or 2-winged samara…
Betulaceae
Stems usually jointed at the nodes, hairs often gland-headed, with aromatic oils; leaves simple and palmately lobed;
Geraniaceae
Flowers usually with well-developed hypanthium that is clearly prolonged above ovary; sepals 4, distinct; petals 4, distinct;
Onagraceae
Producing glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosoides); petals 4, distinct, often forming a cross…
Brassicaceae
Hairs various, but usually stellate hairs or peltate scales; flowers often associated with conspicuous bracts that form an epicalyx;
Malvaceae
Well-developed vertical resin canals in the bark and associated with the larger veins of the leaves, the resin clear when fresh but drying black…
Anacardiaceae
Leaves opposite, simple, entire, the leaf pair often connected by a transverse nodal line, and nodes usually swollen;
Caryophyllaceae
Herbs or shrubs with uniseriate perianth of typically 5 parts; a superior, unilocular ovary with a single seed;
Chenopodiaceae
Herbs to trees with bristle-like bracts, a uniseriate perianth of 3-5 parts; basally connate stamens;
Amaranthaceae
Spiny stem succulents, shoots differentiated, succulent long shoots producing photosynthetic leaves, short shoots (areoles) producing a spine or spine cluster;
Cactaceae
Leaves adaxially circinate, the blade sensitive and forming a snap trap or covered with conspicuous, tentacle-like, mucilage-secreting hairs;
Droseraceae
Nodes often swollen; stipules present and connate into an often thin sheath (or ocrea) around the stem;
Polygonaceae
Epiphytic (=stem) parasites; stems jointed, breaking apart easily at the constricted nodes; flowers +- inconspicuous.
Viscaceae
Leaves simples; flowers usually +- pendulous; petals usually 4 or 5 and connate, often cylindrical to urn-shaped; stamens 8-10…
Ericaceae
Leaves simple, sometimes deeply lobed; petals usually 5, connate, often strongly so, and forming a wheel-shaped, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular corolla, distinctly plicate (with fold lines)…
Solanaceae
Stomata paracytic; leaves opposite or whorled, usually entire, stipules present, interpetiolar and usually connate, with colleters on adaxial surface;
Rubiaceae
Tissues with laticifers and sap usually milky; petals usually 5, connate, forming a wheel-shaped, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular corolla, sometimes reflexed…
Apocynaceae
Hairs various, but often unicellular, with a basal cystolith and often calcified or silicified walls, and the plants rough to the touch;
Boraginaceae
Hairs, when glandular, head +- globular to ellisoidal, lacking vertical partitions; flowers usually bisexual and bilateral; petals usually 5…
Plantaginaceae
Hemiparasitic to holoparasitic with a single large or many small haustorial connections to the roots of host plants;
Orobanchaceae
Stems often square in cross-section, hairs gland-headed, with ethereal oils (including terpinoids); leaves usually opposite;
Lamiaceae
Stems often hollow in internodal region, with secretory canals containing ethereal oils and resins; triterpenoid saponins, coumarins…
Apiaceae
Flowers bilateral; pollen large, spiny; style elongate; stigma capitate; nectar produced by closely packed glandular hairs on lower part of corolla tube.
Caprifoliaceae
Petals usually 5, connate, forming a tubular or bell-shaped corolla, or 2-lipped to 1-lipped and then with variously developed adaxial slit;
Campanulaceae
Flowers +- densely aggregated into indeterminate heads that are surrounded by an involucre or bracts (phyllaries); petals 5, connate, forming a radial and tubular corolla (disk flower)…
Asteraceae
