Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Forensic Anthropology > Wildlife Forensics 2 > Flashcards

Wildlife Forensics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many parties are in CITES?

A

181

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main aim of CITES?

A

To ensure trade does not threaten survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is international cooperation needed?

A

Trade crosses borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is listed in appendix I?

A

Most endangered species. Trade prohibited except for research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is listed in appendix II?

A

Species which may soon become endangered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is listed in appendix III

A

Species listed at the request of a party that already regulates it and needs cooperation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who are the biggest exporters of wild animals?

A

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, China

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who are the biggest importers for the pet trade?

A

EU and Japan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What permits are required for appendix I species?

A

Export and import

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What permits are required for appendix II?

A

Export only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What permits are required for appendix III?

A

Export, but only in the country that listed it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When was Cecil the lion shot?

A

July 2015

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How was Cecil the lion killed?

A

Crossbow or bow and arrow followed by a firearm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why was Walter Palmer not charged with killing Cecil?

A

He had obtained the correct legal documents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why did the killing of Cecil the lion attract so much media attention?

A

He had been enticed out of the reserve and was being monitored by Oxford university as part of a stutter into lion conservation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the hub of international wildlife trade?

A

Southeast Asia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why has bird trade declined in Southeast Asia?

A

Outbreaks of avian flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many sea horses were exported from Southeast Asia 1998-2007?

A

16 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many reptiles were exported from Southeast Asia 1998-2007?

A

17 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What other crimes is wildlife crime often linked to?

A

Drug trafficking and gun running

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is wildlife trafficking appealing?

A

Small items are easy to smuggle and can get a high price. Penalties are low compared to other crimes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the impact of losing keystone species?

A

They are essential to the ecosystem, domino effect as other species are lost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the forensic analysis fund do?

A

Offers funding to police and customs officers to carry out analysis during investigations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What factors contribute to wildlife crime?

A

Tradition, pet trade, organised crime, governments, Internet, poverty, population growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the biggest culprit in tradition to wildlife crime?

A

Chinese traditional medicine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is the pet trade so popular?

A

As people become more affluent, they express themselves through possessions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many poison arrow frogs were traded 2004-2008?

A

63,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When was CITES founded?

A

1st July 1975

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What problems are associated with identification based on DNA?

A 
Short DNA sequences
Low amounts of DNA
Contamination
PCR inhibitors
Chemical modifications
Numts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are numts?

A

mtDNA translocated to nuclear DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does X-ray diffraction do?

A

Measure the scatter of an X-ray beam after it hits a sample.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What genetic markers are common for ID?

A

Cytochrome b
D-loop
16S RNA
NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do scats provide evidence of?

A

Health, food consumed and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is keratin resistant to?

A

Decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is microdissection of hair used for?

A

Separating useful cells from the rest of the hair (keratin inhibits PCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a palynomorph?

A

A microscopic particle of pollen, spores or soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can be used to reveal horse doping?

A

GC-MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Give 3 examples of macroscopic features of feathers

A

Size, shape, colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What DNA regions are used for species ID in feathers?

A

CO1, cytochrome b, 12SRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When were feathers most fashionable?

A

Late 1800s, early 1900s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What bird feathers are illegally traded in USA and Canada for native Indian ceremonies?

A

Eagle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What magnetic fluorescent powders work best in feathers?

A

Red and green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What powders work best on eggs?

A

Black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are antlers covered in whilst they are growing?

A

Vascularised velvet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What medicinal value are antlers said to have?

A

Anti-ageing properties and they stimulate male sexual activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why is it often difficult to ID antlers visually?

A

Usually sold in slices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What fuelled demand for handles on jambiyas in Yemen in 1970s and 80s?

A

Rising Prosperity

48
Q

Where is the main market for Rhino horn?

A

Vietnam and China for traditional medicine.

49
Q

Where does most mammoth Ivory come from?

A

Siberia

50
Q

What has allowed elephant populations in parts of Africa to begin to recover?

A

1990 global ban on elephant ivory.

51
Q

What country has one of the largest markets for Ivory?

A

USA

52
Q

What can be used to distinguish elephant and mammoth Ivory?

A

Schreger lines and colouration. Mammoth Ivory tends to be brownish or blue-green

53
Q

How old must Ivory be to be classed as antique and therefore legal?

A

Pre 1st June 1947

54
Q

What is long wave ultra violet radiation?

A

A non-destructive method to identify Ivory. The material is exposed to LWUV against a black background and Ivory fluoresce bluish white

55
Q

What is Raman spectroscopy?

A

A form of Ivory identification that involves measuring wavelengths of light reflected from an object.

56
Q

What can be used to age Ivory?

A

Radioisotopes

57
Q

Apart from wounds, how else can arrows and spears in Africa harm animals?

A

They can be laced with poison from acocanthera shrubs

58
Q

Why is there an international market for bushmeat?

A

People move but retain desire for it. Status symbol

59
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

A disease that can be passed between animals and humans

60
Q

What have several Ebola outbreaks been linked to?

A

Butchering and consumption of chimpanzees

61
Q

What is the most common zoonotic infection?

A

Food poisoning

62
Q

Why is it often difficult to ID species of bushmeat?

A

Rarely enough morphological evidence and often processed by the time of seizure so little DNA present.

63
Q

What species of bear is primarily used for their bile?

A

The asiatic black bear

64
Q

What is bear bile used treat?

A

Fevers, inflammation, pain, epilepsy etc.

65
Q

How much is a 1kg bear gallbladder worth today?

A

$50,000+

66
Q

What led to the creation of bear farms in the 1980s?

A

The decline in populations

67
Q

Where are bear farms found?

A

China, Korea, Vietnam

68
Q

How much bile can a single farm bear produce?

A

The equivalent of 220 wild bears.

69
Q

How is bear bile extracted?

A

A latex or steel catheter is inserted directly into the gallbladder to drain, or it may be syringed.

70
Q

What led to bear bile being used as a novelty in shampoo and tea?

A

Bile supply exceeds demand.

71
Q

What is being done to save bears being farmed?

A

Shutting down bear farms, research into alternative medicines and licences no longer issued for farms.

72
Q

What can be used to ID bear bile in the lab?

A

High performance liquid chromatography for albumin.

73
Q

What percentage of wildlife deaths in France did poisoning account for 1986-1998?

A

6.5%

74
Q

What is accidental poisoning usually caused by?

A

Environmental contaminants such as lead, mercury and agricultural chemicals

75
Q

When may accidental poisoning be suspected?

A

If many non-pest species are found in one area.

76
Q

When is deliberate poisoning suspected?

A

If a few individuals of a single pest species are found dead in one area.

77
Q

How are animals deliberately poisoned?

A

Poison placed inside food

78
Q

What is secondary poisoning?

A

A scavenger eats an animal that died of poisoning.

79
Q

Why are birds of prey poisoned?

A

Seen as a threat to livestock

80
Q

Who records wildlife poisoning in the UK?

A

DEFRA

81
Q

Which wildlife is most affected by lead poisoning?

A

Water birds from lead fishing weights

82
Q

Which rodenticides are most likely used in deliberate poisoning?

A

Anti-coagulants as they are available commercially.

83
Q

What do anticoagulants cause in wildlife?

A

Internal haemorrhage

84
Q

Which insecticides are legal in Europe?

A

Neonicotinoids and pyrethroids as need a massive dose for larger animals.

85
Q

How do organochlorines cause deaths?

A

They are neurotoxic and block GABA receptors so increase neural excitation.

86
Q

What do organophosphates inhibit?

A

Acetylcholinesterase so initially increase excitation until transmission stops.

87
Q

What common cattle medicine leads to poisoning in vultures?

A

Diclofenac leads to kidney failure.

88
Q

What temperature is used for denature get in PCR?

A

94*C

89
Q

What temperature is used for annealing in PCR?

A

54*C

90
Q

What temperature is used for extension in PCR?

A

72%

91
Q

What are the old school methods of DNA analysis?

A

RAPD
RFLP
AFLP

92
Q

What are the new school methods for DNA analysis?

A

Mitochondrial markers
Microsatellites
SNPs

93
Q

How many base pairs are present in mitochondrial DNA?

A

Around 13,000

94
Q

Why does mtDNA degrade less easily than nuclear DNA?

A

It has a protein coat

95
Q

How many genes are in mtDNA?

A

37

96
Q

Where are musk deer found?

A

Across most of mainland Asia and Eastern Russia

97
Q

What is the protection status of musk deer?

A

All species are listed in the IUCN red list and appendix II of CITES

98
Q

What is the greatest threat to musk deer?

A

Over hunting

99
Q

When did most musk deer farms cease operating?

A

1980s

100
Q

How much is an adult musk deer worth in China?

A

Around $2000

101
Q

What is the approximate age of musk secretion?

A

3-14 years old

102
Q

In what months is musk secreted?

A

May-July

103
Q

Why is musk produced?

A

To mark territory and entice potential mates.

104
Q

How is musk obtained?

A

Usually by removing musk pods after they are shot.

In farming, spatula inserted into musk sac and scraped into airtight container.

105
Q

When is synthetic musk used?

A

In the perfume industry, harder to persuade traditional medicine practitioners.

106
Q

What animal may be used as a substitute for musk deer in Taiwan?

A

Coypu. Native to South America and has been farmed in many countries for fur

107
Q

When was synthetic musk first created?

A

1888

108
Q

Why is musk oil used in small quantities?

A

It overwhelms the senses when undiluted

109
Q

What is the problem with obtaining musky scents from plants?

A

It is not as strong or as long lasting as animal or chemical musk.

110
Q

What are the medicinal benefits of musk oil?

A

It is a detoxification agent and can treat inflammation, swelling and pain

111
Q

What country is a major supplier of musk?

A

Russia

112
Q

Why is there so much demand for illegally traded musk?

A

Farming does not meet demand and it is difficult to extract in farmed animals.

113
Q

How much was musk deer oil worth in 2009?

A

$45,000 per kg

114
Q

What is the morphology of a deer musk pod?

A

Oval/circular and 3-6cm in diameter. Contains musk grains that are brownish and semi-liquid when fresh or dark powdery crystalline when dry.
Whole musk pod covered in hair.

115
Q

Why is it difficult to identify deer musk in medicines?

A

Usually present in low levels and no morphological features present.

116
Q

How does GC-MS work?

A

A sample is separated into its components as it travels along a separating column. The components are identified by a mass spectrometer. Gas is used to propel the sample along the column.

Forensic Anthropology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions