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Forensic Anthropology > WF extra info > Flashcards

WF extra info Flashcards

1
Q

Scats rarely used as forensic evidence

A

(Trace, 2014)

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2
Q

Disadvantage of identifying species from hair morphology

A

Need reference samples for comparison

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3
Q

Bird feathers used to identify birds in bird strikes to learn behaviour and avoid them.

A

(Hoekenga, 2007)

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4
Q

Barbules and nodes (microscopic features) are most useful in identifying by observation.

A

(TRACE, 2014)

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5
Q

Can gain enough DNA from 2 feather barbs

A

(Speller, Nicholas and Young. 2011)

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6
Q

Advantages of feathers as forensic evidence

A

Little needed for DNA analysis
Some very distinctive so fast
Can identify where trade is occuring

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7
Q

Disadvantages of feathers as forensic evidence

A

Time and expense of DNA analysis

Need reference samples for DNA and morphology

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8
Q

Advantages of hair as forensic evidence

A

Can identify location - trafficking - palynomorphs, isotopes

Drugs can be detected

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9
Q

Disadvantages of hair as forensic evidence

A

DNA only with follicle

Need reference samples

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10
Q

Each plant genus has its own unique pollen grain morphology

A

(Marquez-Grant, N and Roberts, J. 2012)

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11
Q

Treeclimbing irons can link a person to egg collecting as they leave marks in trees.

A

(TRACE, 2014)

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12
Q

Advantages of eggs as forensic evidence

A

Fingerprints and DNA can be lifted

Equipment can link a suspect

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13
Q

Disadvantages of eggs as forensic evidence.

A

Difficult to ID from morphology alone

Need reference sequences for comparison

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14
Q

South Korea has largest market for deer antler products and 8 major pharmaceutical companies produce products derived from deer antler

A

(Robbins, C. 1997)

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15
Q

Mitochondrial DNA sequences such as cytochrome b are often favoured for DNA analysis as they show greater variation between closely related individuals than nuclear DNA

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

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16
Q

Advantages of antlers as forensic evidence

A

If intact, can tell if naturally shed or removed
Velvet also suggests foreceful removal
Toolmarks can be identified

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17
Q

Disadvantages of antlers as forensic evidence

A

Tends to be sold in slices

Fraud makes DNA analysis complicated

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18
Q

Advantages of horns as forensic evidence

A

When intact, relatively easy to ID

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19
Q

Disadvantages of horns as forensic evidence

A

Diplomats not searched at airports

DNA may be present to ID offender due to force of removal

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20
Q

Raman Spectroscopy requires very little material and is therefore useful for identifying the provenance of carvings

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

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21
Q

Advantages of ivory as forensic evidence

A

Radioisotope analysis

Morphology fairly distinctive

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22
Q

Disadvantages of ivory as forensic evidence

A

When carved, need specialist techniques

DNA must be taken from the mineral matrix

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23
Q

DNA must be taken from the mineral matrix and it is difficult to extract without denaturing the DNA

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

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24
Q

. In 1990, a global ban on the trade in ivory was introduced by CITES and allowed some elephant populations to recover a little.

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

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25
Q

2007, elephant ivory worth $850

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

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26
Q

Combined weight of African elephant tusks is around 80kg

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

27
Q

Despite the ban on the trade, Africa is a country in which there is little aid for law enforcement and civil strife is high so the ban is not enforced here with much power.

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

28
Q

Bushmeat was originally considered beneficial as it demonstrated to locals the need for conservation, however, as populations and demand for bushmeat has grown, and profits have increased, these benefits are nowhere to be seen

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

29
Q

DNAboost generates a list of all the possible profiles based on the DNA available and then compares each of these profiles to profiles stored on the NDAD

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

30
Q

Advantages of bushmeat as forensic evidence

A

Can prosecute restaurant owner and supplier

Increased awareness of zoonotic diseases

31
Q

Disadvantages of bushmeat as forensic evidence

A

Expensive to ID

32
Q

Logging roads led to increased bushmeat as easier access to forests

A

(Karesh, W and Noble, E. 2009).

33
Q

Dipstick test for bear bile takes 5 mins and can be used by customs officers as no specialist knowledge required. Detects albumin in skin, blood and liquid bile.

A

(Peppin et al. 2008)

34
Q

HPLC shows that Asiatic black bear has lower concentration of TC than North American black bear and Polar bear.

A

(Lin, D et al. 1997)

35
Q

Advantages of bear bile as forensic evidence.

A

Preliminary testing in the field

36
Q

Disadvantages of bear bile as forensic evidence.

A

Accurate ID is time consuming and expensive

Morphologically identical to pigs and goats

37
Q

RFLP needs large amounts of DNA and is often not possible to retrieve sufficient amounts of DNA from crime scenes. Another problem is that RFLP needs an intact sequence and this is not possible where DNA has undergone degradation

A

(Li, R. 2008)

38
Q

Advantage of AFLP

A

Requires less DNA than RFLP and is more effective on degraded samples.

39
Q

PCR first used in the diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia

A

(Li, R. 2008)

40
Q

a man in Lincolnshire was fined almost £2000 for poisoning two buzzards by lacing a dead pheasant with carbofuran

A

(RSPB, 2013)

41
Q

Farmers or gamekeepers poison keep animals off their land that they believe to be causing harm to their animals or crops, even if they are not legally deemed a pest species

A

(Gunn, A. 2009)

42
Q

Advantages of musk deer oil as forensic evidence

A

Can be fairly reliably identified using GC-MS

Species can be identified using hair or DNA analysis

43
Q

Disadvantages of musk deer oil as forensic evidence

A

Morphological features rarely present so expensive DNA analysis required.

44
Q

Why is the medulla useful in species identification?

A

It varies greatly between species

45
Q

What gives feathers their colour and distinctive patterns?

A

Pennaceous barbs

46
Q

What has contributed to the illegal trade in antlers?

A 
Traditional Chinese medicine
Organised crime
Internet
Musk deer
Increasing affluence
47
Q

What country has the largest market for dear antler?

A

South Korea

48
Q

When DNA analysis is used to identify a species, what is required?

A

A reference sequence for comparison

49
Q

How may blood be used to identify a species?

A

Insert the blood of the animal to be identified into a host animal which will then produce anti(species) antibodies. A reference is needed however for this method

50
Q

What is the advantage of Raman spectroscopy?

A

It requires very little material

51
Q

Where are Ivor detection dogs being employed?

A

Kenyan airports

52
Q

When did CITES instigate a global ban on elephant ivory?

A

1990

53
Q

Why was bushmeat initially considered beneficial?

A

It showed locals the need for conservation

54
Q

How do universal primers work to identify bushmeat?

A

CO1 sequences from all major eukaryotes groups aligned and conserved amino acid strings for shorter fragments (120-150bp) are observed

55
Q

What animal has Ebola been linked to?

A

Chimpanzees

56
Q

How have logging roads led to an increase in bushmeat?

A

Easier access to the depths of the forest for poachers

57
Q

What can HPLC determine for bear bile?

A

The amount of TC present in a sample

58
Q

What measures were included in the 2000 signing ceremony to combat trade in bear bile?

A
  1. Closure of worst bear farms
  2. Need license for farms
  3. No new licences issued
  4. AAF offer compensation to farmers and help finding new jobs
  5. Research into alternative medicines
59
Q

How does RFLP work?

A

Restriction endonucleases create fragments of various lengths which are run through electrophoresis.

60
Q

How does electrophoresis work?

A

DNA -ive so moves to +ive electrode. Shorter fragments travel further and agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide to fluoresce DNA. Banding compared to references.

61
Q

What is a disadvantage of rflp?

A

Needs lots of DNA and no degradation

62
Q

Problem with aflp?

A

Alleles of differing sizes may not be consistently amplified.

63
Q

How can cases of poisoning be identified?

A

If many animals found dead close together.

If alive, measure levels of acetylcholinesterase using HPLC or GCMS, low levels indicate insecticide poisoning.

Forensic Anthropology (31 decks)

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