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1080 Animal Management > Wildlife + Ecology > Flashcards

Wildlife + Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

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2
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non-living variables that can influence an ecosystem–light intensity, temperature, humidity soil.

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3
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

Interactions associated with living organisms–competition for resources, grazing, predation, pollination, seed dispersal, disease and food availability.

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4
Q

Define speciation.

A

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

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5
Q

What are the three types of speciation?

A

Allopatric, ​parapatric, sympatric

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6
Q

What are demes?

A

Local interbreeding population within a species. Can cause genetic and physical variation. An isolated subpopulation subjected to selection as a unit rather than individuals.

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7
Q

What are ecological niches?

A

The role and position a species has in its environment, how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives and reproduces.

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8
Q

What is a metapopulation?

A

A regional group of connected populations of a species.

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9
Q

Provide an example of a UK species affected by fragmentation.

A

Dormouse, hedgehog.

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10
Q

What is seasonality?

A

A characteristic of time in which predictable changes reoccur every year. A predictable or pattern in a time series can be said to be seasonal.

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11
Q

What is dissolution?

A

The action of formally ending or dismissing an assembly, partnership, or official body.

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12
Q

How does dissolution affect wildlife populations?

A

For socially monogamous species, breeder bond dissolution has big consequences for population dynamics. For animals with complex reproductive display and rituals, pair dissolution can have a real detrimental effect on their reproductive success.

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13
Q

What is dispersal?

A

Movement of young plants and animals away from their parents.

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14
Q

What does EID stand for?

A

Emerging Infectious Disease.

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15
Q

What’s the difference between immigration and emigration?

A

Immigration means you are coming in to a different area to live. Emigration means you are exiting your current homeland.

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16
Q

Provide two ways in which humans influence ecosystems.

A

Habitat destruction​, pollution​, introducing species of plants and animals​, hunting/poaching​, agriculture.

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17
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

The conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings.

18
Q

What is ex situ conservation?

A

‘Off-site’ conservation means the conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats.

19
Q

What is a conservation project?

A

Programmes undertaken by conservation and environmental organisations to protect biodiversity, wildlife, wild places or endangered species

20
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

The process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences, resulting in the formation of new species.

21
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.

22
Q

What is parallel evolution?

A

When independent species acquire similar characteristics while evolving together at the same time in the same ecospace.

23
Q

What does IUCN stand for?

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature.

24
Q

What is the cycling of lynx and snowshoe hare populations in Northern Ontario an example of?

A

A BOOM BUST cycle

25
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

The close and persistent interaction between species, typically long-term.

26
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Symbiosis in which both species benefit. E.g. clown fish and sea anemone

27
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected. E.g. whales and barnacles

28
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Symbiosis is which one species benefits to the detriment of the other. E.g. dog and tick

29
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

Species that have the same identical niches have identical needs, meaning they would compete for the same resources

30
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

By evolving to use different resources, both species can avoid competitive exclusion. E.g. Puerto Rican anole lizards

31
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Also known as geographical isolation. New species are formed due to the separation of one initial species.

32
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species, both still share the same habitat.

33
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

Extreme changes in habitat cause a new species to occur.

34
Q

What is batesian mimicry?

A

Where a species is protected by its resemblance to a potential threat.

35
Q

What is an ecological trend?

A

A general direction in which something is developing or changing.

36
Q

What year was the Wildlife and Countryside Act?

A

1981

37
Q

What year was the Environment Act?

A

1995

38
Q

Give two examples of how prey avoid being eaten by predators.

A

Chemical defence, camouflage, armour, fleeing, strength in numbers, playing dead (thanatosis), deterrent displays.

39
Q

How many types of ecosystems are there?

A

Two, terrestrial and aquatic.

40
Q

What is a BAP?

A

Biodiversity Action Plan

41
Q

What is the purpose of the Wildlife Trusts?

A

‘We need nature and it needs us. We’re here to make the world wilder and make nature part of life, for everyone. We’re helping to make life better – for wildlife, for people and for future generations’

42
Q

Who organises the Big Garden Birdwatch?

A

The Royal Society for the Protection of birds (RSPB)

1080 Animal Management (4 decks)

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