Wildlife Flashcards
What are the different types of hosts?
Spillover
Maintenance
Reservoir
Dead end
What are spillover vs maintenance hosts?
Spillover- infection sporadic or can only persist if external sources of infection are present
Maintenance- infection can persist via horizontal transmission in the absence of any other source of infection. Target maintenance not spillover in control
What is the spillover host?
Intermediate between human and wildlife. Often domestic animals, develop severe dz themselves, capable of shedding virus in large quantities (amplifier hosts), pass infection to people
What is the most common non- foodborne zoonotic dz in the UK?
Lyme dz- borrelia burgdorferi. Tick borne. Incr incidence and geographic spread.
Name some of the human factors for zoonosis emergence.
Global traffic Deforestation Climate change Bush meat/ wet markets Illegal smuggled meat Exotic pets Ecotourism Grazing of animals in wild/ conservation areas
What are some of the particular challenges of studying wildlife populations?
Ecology of many wildlife sp poorly understood
Unknown population sizes
Wild animals tend to be cryptic (small, drab, secretive)
Wild animals are often rare
Some are nocturnal
Wild animals might bite/ sting etc
Access to sites (permission, physical, logistical)
Wild animals hard to catch
Transportation of equipment to and in the field
Some people may not want you to trap animals (saboteurs)
Methods for sampling wildlife may not be validated (shown to be accurate in sufficient no of samples)
Multiple permits usually required
Info is often required quickly (response to outbreak)
Funding in scare and expertise even more so
Reasons for pest control.
Prevent damage to crops, forestry, ecosystems. Minimise competition w/ livestock. Risk of predation. Risk of transmission of dz to livestock and man. Damage to property. Consumption and contamination of stored feedstuffs. Risk of overpopulation (emaciation) in the sp.
What are the 3 key components in wildlife control programs?
Setting clearly defined objectives
Deciding how to achieve these: control strategies either damage control (deterrents, exclusion e.g. repellants, habitat removal, fences etc) or pest control (sustained destruction, eradication)
Monitoring the outcome of the plan
How do you monitor the outcomes of wildlife control programs?
Kill rates (no removed in given period) Elimination rate (proportion removed in given period- need to know how many in 1st place) Impact rate (improvement in conserved resource, change in pest population density)
How do you assess the welfare compromise of wildlife control programs?
Welfare compromise= no of animals affected, intensity, duration and capacity of animals to suffer.
W= N I D C
What toxicants are legal for use in the UK as pest control?
Alpha choralase
Anticoagulants:
1st gen (can be used by any)- Warfarin, pindone
2nd gen (by selected personnel only)- brodifacoum, bromadiolone, racumin
Work by inhibiting vit K reductase.
Takes a few days for sickness to develop so can ensure get toxic dose
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using introduced predators for wildlife control?
Adv- low cost, low effort
Disadv- predator will take non target sp, may become pest itself, not always effective
What are some damage control methods for wildlife control programs?
Noise emitters, visual scarers, chemical repellants, habitat removal, exclusion (fencing etc), feed competition
What are some pest control methods for wildlife control programs?
Toxicants, traps and snares, introduced dz, introduced predators, hunting, shooting, fishing
