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PMVPH > Slaughter > Flashcards

Slaughter Flashcards

1
Q

What are common causes of DOAs in pigs, sheep and broilers?

A

Dead on arrivals
Pigs- hyperthermia, metabilic acidosis
Sheep- smothering, I’ll health
Broilers- CHF, trauma

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2
Q

How does pH affect meat quality and how does it differ with welfare conditions?

A

After slaughter, glycogen converted to lactic acid, gradual pH decline. Affects water holding, colour and tenderness of meat. Stressed animals incr glycogen, lactic acid removed antemortem, pH doesn’t drop fast enough post mortem- dry dark meat. If stressed immediately prior to slaughter incr glycogen- meat PSE- pale soft exudative.

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3
Q

What situations cause high pH as thus dark meat?

A

Over exertion, long distance transport, long periods w/out feed/ in lairage, cold exposure, fighting, over stocking, injury, dehydration (poor welfare, difficult skin removal, sticky, darker/ tougher, smaller loin muscle area)

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4
Q

How do you avoid high pH meat?

A

Reduce pre slaughter activity and stress, allow recovery of muscle glycogen after stress, enhance muscle glycogen storage.

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5
Q

Name some transport stressors.

A

Water and feed deprivation, physical fatigue, sleep deprivation, social disruption, injuries, motion, noise, wind chill, heat stress

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6
Q

What do you do with casualty animals?

A

Determine whether requires emergency slaughter. If so take equipment to animal, don’t make it move. Ensure prompt stunning, bleeding, evisceration. Trace back hx of case to prevent repetition

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7
Q

What aspects are involved in antemortem inspection of poultry?

A

Thermal and physical discomfort. Monitor DOA rate. Identify causes of death. Inspect live birds if there are cases if DOA. Examine for trauma. Assess hanging on (water bath stunning), assess disturbance between hanging on and waterbath. Check runts treated humanely. Initiate preventative measures if there are issues

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8
Q

What are the different stunning methods?

A

Electrical
Penetrative captive bolt
Non penetrative captive bolt
Gas stunning

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9
Q

What are the different slaughter methods?

A 
Sticking or neck cutting
Cardiac arrest
Decapitation
Nick dislocation
Free bullet
Gas stunning (poultry)
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10
Q

What are the different euthanasia methods?

A 
Lethal inj
Free bullet
Pentrative captive bolt and pithing
Anaesthetic inhalation
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Neck dislocation
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11
Q

When is the captive bolt method?

A

Mainly in cattle. Sometimes sheep, calves and horses. Severe convulsions in pigs so not used.
Instantaneous unconsciousness and usually irreversible when applied correctly.
Source of energy- cartridges, compressed air, spring powered

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12
Q

What are the signs of effective captive bolt stun?

A

Immediate collapse w/ PLs flexed, tonic body spasm, immediate loss of rhythmic breathing, immediate loss of corneal and palpebral reflex, no eyeball rotation, reflexed jaw, no righting reflex, convulsive kicking (clinic phase)

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13
Q

How does the captive bolt shooting position change between species?

A

Cow- shoot crossover between eyes and horns, aim down brain stem
Pig- don’t use captive bolt >60kg- shotgun, thick frontal sinus, 2cm above level of eye
Sheep- top of head- highest point, aim for base of jaw
Horse- 2cm above crossover

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14
Q

What is the process of electrical stunning?

A

Brain dysfunction and unconsciousness. Rapid depol of membrane potentials of nerves of brain, resulting in synchronised activity.
Head only or head to body. Can recover from head only. Head to body travels through to stop heart, irreversible. Still need to bleed out for meat quality.

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15
Q

How does variation in maintenance of current flow in electrical stunning affect welfare and meat quality?

A

Interrupted- still reached peak current so not welfare issue but affects meat quality (blood splashing)
Poor initial contact- welfare issue, often dye to not enough force, push harder

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16
Q

What is the duration of unconsciousness with head only stun?

A

Most between 60-70s. Fast recovering can be 37-45s. With sticking (bleeding out) takes 14s to die. There need to perform sticking within 23s of head only stun

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17
Q

What are the principles of electrical stunning and slaughter of chickens?

A

Water bath stunning non-reversible
Head only stunning reversible
Requirement that both carotid aa are cut- loss of consciousness about 13.9s (8-26)
26s to die with sticking 30s stunning with waterbath therefore needs sticking 4s after stun. Make sure birds are dead at scalding.

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18
Q

What is surveillance?

A

Epidemiological practise by which the spread of dz is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression

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19
Q

What are the disease surveillance methods for the farm, abattoir and food products?

A

Farm- notifiable dz, records of vet tx
Abattoir- food chain info, AM/PM inspection, notifiable dz, testing (TSEs, residues, contaminants, microorganisms)
Food product- testing (residues, contaminants, microorganisms)

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20
Q

What is the process for reporting a notifiable dz at the abattoir?

A

Meat inspector- finds- suspicion
OV- confirms suspicion (DX)
Reports to duty vet officer from animal and plant health agency
Requests samples and undertakes investigation on farm and in abattoir if required

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21
Q

What is the current status of FAMDV in UK?

A

FMD free country where vaccination is not practiced. Last outbreak 2001

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22
Q

What is the purpose of surveillance for notifiable diseases?

A

Detection of dz outbreaks or emerging dz

Identification of positive farms/ animals during dz control (e.g. TB suspect, TSEs)

23
Q

What is the surveillance practise for bovine TB?

A
  • Passive- compulsory slaughter (TB restricted farms). Tuberculin test reactors, inconclusive reactors, direct contacts
  • Active- slaughterhouse cases (TB status unknown). Suspicious at AM inspection, suspect lesions in carcass or organs at PM
24
Q

What are TSEs?

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Cattle BSE, sheep- scrapie, goats- BSE and scrapie

25
Q

What are the surveillance practices for BSE in UK?

A

Active surveillance. Testing required for all at risk animals aged >48m, those from emergency slaughter or sick at AM inspection (>24m if from non EU or Romania or Bulgaria). All animals >30m which are healthy at slaughter if non EU.

26
Q

What are the objectives of antemortem inspection?

A

Detect any condition which might adversely affect human/ animal health. OV- whether animal can be slaughtered for human consumption. Determine whether welfare compromised. Determine whether any test should be carried out in relation to dz dx, residues or contaminants

27
Q

What are the responsibilities of the FBO?

A

Food business operator.
Animal ID, FCI availability. Make sure not coming from area w/ restrictions eg TB testing. Cleanliness. Animal health/ welfare.

28
Q

What is the FCI?

A

Food chain info.
Given by farm to abattoir 24hrs before animals arrive. Then get feedback PM rejections.
Incl herd health plan, vaccination and worming, farm management and animal husbandry, tx records, animal welfare

29
Q

What do they look for at AM inspection?

A 
General appearance- emaciation
Behaviour abnormalities- CNS problems, exhaustion
Trauma
Deformation- hernia, neoplasia
Abnormal discharges/ faeces
30
Q

What info is used during ante mortem inspection of live animals?

A

FCI- food chain info- unfit if delayed or indicating health risks.
Animal ID- if not available or suspicious fraude- total condemnation
Animal welfare- emergency slaughter

31
Q

What happens if abnormalities are detected on antemortem inspection?

A

Rejection- slaughtered + disposed as by-product
Detained and detailed AM inspection
Slaughtered w/ special precautions/ delayed slaughter. If suspect notifiable contact APHA.

32
Q

What are the signs of a suspect animal at ante mortem inspection?

A

CS of zoonotic dz
CS of dz/ disorder unfit for consumption
Signs of fatigue;/ stress
Suspicion of illegal/ unauthorized substance use (e.g. B agonist)

33
Q

What rises anthrax suspicion at antemortem inspection?

A 
Sudden death- unexplained
High temp
Shivering and twitching, fits
Bright staring eyes, colicky pains
Blood presence in nostrils and dung
34
Q

What are the purposes of PM inspection?

A

Safe food
Surveillance- zoonotic and notifiable dz
Routine lab testing- microbial sampling, residues and contaminants
Welfare assessment
Animal by-products- management and disposal

35
Q

What is the decision tree for PM inspection?

A

Classified as normal- fit for human consumption. Abnormal- if common then discarded for disposal, if uncommon then referred to OV.
Either then deemed unfit or meat detained for further exam

36
Q

What is the health mark on animal products?

A

Says meat fit for human consumption- incl country and approval number slaughterhouse.

37
Q

When is meat considered unfit?

A

Failed or not undergone AM/ PM inspection. Notifiable/ zoonotic dz. Doesn’t meet microbiological criteria. Generalised conditions, emaciation, residues, contam, IV radiation tx, FB, poor bleeding, sexual taint (boar)

38
Q

What are the notifiable diseases?

A 
Anthrax
Bovine brucellosis
EBL
TSEs- scrapie, BSE
bTB
Warble fly
39
Q

What is the FSA action if suspicion of notifiable dz?

A

Animal held in isolation. Official vet (OV) calls veterinary officer (VO- APHA). If VO decides not to visit, OV calls contractor/ FVC (field vet coordinator), if happy not ND then released for slaughter. If not happy called VO again. If VO doesn’t suspect ND and OV agrees then released to slaughter. If VO suspects ND then serves restrictions, OV informs FVC.

40
Q

How does anthrax appear at PM inspection?

A

Lungs and LNs congested. Dressed carcasses appear ill-bled and fevered. Spleen often enlarged, softer and darker than normal. Intestines may be inflammed.

41
Q

What happens if anthrax suspected in live animals?

A

Suspect and direct contacts detained, isolated and reported to APHA immediately. Carcass should not be opened- highly resistant spores. Under APHA supervision- anthrax investigation by local vet inspector, cleaning and disinfection of infected site- FBO, carcass and organs detained- pending LVI investigation, disposal carcass and organs

42
Q

What is the abattoir surveillance for brucellosis?

A

UK free status. Surveillance at farms. Inconclusive or positive reactors or contact w/ confirmed cases- slaughtered separately from other animals.
Sampling- paired LNs (retropharyngeal, supramammary or superficial inguinal, internal iliac). If no lesions observed- udder, genital tract and blood declared unfit. If lesions found- carcass and organs unfit

43
Q

What is the process for surveillance of EBL?

A

All tumours in cattle notifiable. If animal 2YO APHA investigation, detained in lairage, normal slaughter and PM inspection. If >2yrs, sampling tumours and enlarged LNs, carcass and offals detained pending results

44
Q

What is the process for surveillance of bTB?

A

Compulsory slaughter for +ve farms- bought by APHA and sent to slaughter. Slaughterhouse cases.
Slaughtered in separate slaughterhall or last of day.
If carcases detained from salughterhourse cases- detailed PM inspection and sampling. Cleaning and disinfection of premises mandatory after slaughter of TB cases.

45
Q

What is the process for surveillance of warble fly?

A

If suspected in live animal or carcass- OV to notify immediately VO (APHA).
If suspicion arises at AM inspection- carcass, hide and ear tag detained, 7ml clotted blood sample collected
If suspicion arises at PM inspection- blood collected from body cavity, carcass and hide detained.
Warble fly L collected for ID

46
Q

What are category 1 material?

A

High risk. TSE related (specified risk material), dioxins, lead contaminated, ruminants DOAs.
Stained patent blue V and incinerated/ Risk to humans and animals

47
Q

What are category 2 material?

A

High risk for human and animal health. No fit for consumption. Pigs and poultry DOA (don’t have SRM). animals killed for dz control, carcases or parts that may carry dz communicable to humans/animals, parts of carcase or offals which haven’t undergone PM inspection, manure.
Stained brilliant black and rendered.

48
Q

What are category 3 material?

A

Low risk. Not for human consumption. No staining required. Go to pet food- unfit meat w/out signs of dz communicable (livers w/ fluke, milk spots), hides, skins, hooves, horns which have passed AM and PM inspection

49
Q

How are the different categories disposed?

A

Cat 1- incineration in registered plant.
Cat 2- incineration after heat tx- fertiliser, biogas or compost
Cat 3- incineration, petfood, technical use, biogas, compost

50
Q

What are the processes involved in poultry slaughterhouse?

A

Antemortem inspection (batch sample cf red meat). Shackling. Stunning. Bleeding. Water bath/ Plucking- 1st PM inspection. Evisceration- 2nd PM inspection

51
Q

What are the OV duties of poultry postmortem inspection?

A

Daily inspection of representative sample of birds (viscera and body cavities). Thorough inspection of random sample of birds rejected of every batch, investigation of potential causes of carcasses unfit for human consumption (residues, contaminants). Health certificate check of birds for foie gras production or delayed evisceration poultry

52
Q

What is the process for surveillance of trichinella in pigs?

A

Absent in UK. Mandatory testing- sows and boars, by dierct muscle digest method. If -ve test then fit for human consumption. If +ve test then needs to be confirmed (re test), APHA notified, carcass disposed (cat-2 by product)

53
Q

What is the abattoir process for non-notifiable disease findings?

A

PM findings (rejections) recorder by OV/ FSA team. Collection and communication of inspection results- info on animal dz for farmer and vet, id of trends in infectious dz, id of geographical areas at risk, health status of national herd. E.g. liver fluke, cysticercosis

54
Q

What are the 3 groups of substances in surveillance of residues and contaminants?

A

A- substances having anabolic effect and unauthorised substances.
B- vet drugs and contaminants
C- other substances and environmental contaminants

PMVPH (4 decks)

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