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133 Natural Hazards and Society > Wildfires > Flashcards

Wildfires Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Wildfire definition

A

Uncontrolled vegetation fire

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2
Q

Occurrence

A

4,000 mill p.a

Natural part of Earth’s environment

Dry periods ( gauss bushes )

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3
Q

Main Ignition and how frequent

A

Lighting

(10,000) strikes per day

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4
Q

Less common ignitions

A

Rockfall ( hard rocks –granite) sparks

Volcanic eruptions

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5
Q

Alternative but primary cause

A

Human activity

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6
Q

What amount of landmass is affected anually and globally

A

3-4 mill km2

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7
Q

How much affected area is vegetation

A

3%

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8
Q

How many fires occur in the UK and main source of ignition

A

1,000s vegetative fires every year

Majority of fires were due to arson

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9
Q

South Wales occurences and location

A

greatest frequency of arson, 8x the UK average

grassland/farmland

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10
Q

Exceptions

A

Saddleworth Moor fire

Heather

2018

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11
Q

What was the Saddleworth Moor fires

A
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11
Q

How much land do humans burn

A

> 1 mill square km2 of forest and grassland

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11
Q

What are the types of wildfires

A

Type - Surface and Crown

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12
Q

Intensity

A

energy released per kw

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13
Q

What are the classification categories for Australia

A

Intensity and severity rating
Energy intensity
Flame height
Vegetation severity

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14
Q

What is the severity classification

A

unburnt
low
moderate
high
very high
extreme

15
Q

What do fire severity maps based on

A

satellite and ground data

16
Q

Direct impacts during a fire

A

Long –term health conditions developed

Damage /disruption through gases/smoke

Suffocation – CO2 poisoning, lung tissue damage

Traffic hazard

17
Q

What are the post fire impacts

A

flooding and erosion

18
Q

What is soil water repellency?

A

Water repellency increases during a wildfire event

19
Q

What are the Negative broader ecological impacts

A

Emission of toxins and greenhouse gases

20
Q

How much CO2 emmisions do fires emit

A

1/4 of global C emissions
from fossil fuel

21
Q

Positive broader ecological

A

removal of ‘old’ vegetation
trigger for seeding or seed germination
increases in species diversity

22
Q

What are pyrophytic plants

A

Type of plants which have become adapted tolerate fire.

23
Q

How do pyrophytic plants survive

A

They release seeds when surrounding environment temperatures increase

24
Q

What was the 2016 Canada event

A

Expensive national disaster

60,000 evacuated

$9 bill losses

25
Q

What was the 2017 Portugal event

A

104 deaths

2 major fires

26
Q

What was the 2018 Greece event

A

102 deaths

27
Q

What was the 2018 Paradise, California event

A

85 deaths
~$16.5 billion losses

28
Q

What was the 2019/2020 Black Summer bushfires, SE Australia

A

34 direct deaths
445 indirect deaths (smoke inhalation)
> 9000 buildings destroyed
~ $AU 103 billion losses
10 x the forest area typically burned in
large Australian fire seasons

29
Q

Risk and trend 1

A

Globally average area burned declined ~20% in last two
decades

30
Q

There is an _______ in fires in most of world’s forest areas

A

increase

31
Q

What is altering fire regimes

A

Effects of past management practices and changing
climate

32
Q

Mitigation strategies

A

Prevention

33
Q

Prevension examples

A

Open fire ban, fuel reduction burining , building guidlines, evacuation

34
Q

Observation and risk reduction

A

Fire towers

Aerial patrols

Closure of high risk

35
Q

Event modifications

A

Hosing

Water bombing

Back burning

Fire breaks

36
Q

Environmental impact example

A

Water quality

37
Q

What type of vegetation were flammable

A

tall long grass, eucalyptus and conifer trees or gorse bushes

133 Natural Hazards and Society (10 decks)

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