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133 Natural Hazards and Society > Tsunami > Flashcards

Tsunami Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tsunami definition

A

Displacement of water due to external forces

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2
Q

Example of cause

A

Earthquake rupture to the seafloor which pushes the water upwards ( vertical and large scale)

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3
Q

Typical magnitude

A

> 6

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4
Q

Wave speed

A

900km/hr

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5
Q

As the wave nears land…

A

Decrease speed 45 km/hr

Increasing height

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6
Q

Velocity in deep water

A

~800

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7
Q

Wave length between the crests

A

~100km

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8
Q

deep water water height

A

10

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9
Q

Shallow water wave length

A

5

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10
Q

Shallow water wave height

A

10

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11
Q

what is the difference between wind and tsunami made waves

A

Wind has low speed, wavelength but more regular occurrence
Tsunami lead incidents have less reoccurrence and high speed and wavelength

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12
Q

What is trough

A

water retreat

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13
Q

What is crest

A

water rise

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14
Q

What is the behavior of a tsunami dependent on?

A

geometry and bathymetry

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15
Q

How many volcanic eruptions are the main trigger of a tsunami

A

5%

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16
Q

Tsunami triggers

A

Earthquake
Volcanic Eruption
slope failure
Meteorite Impact

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17
Q

What is bathymetry

A

study of underwater depth of ocean, lake and river floors.

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18
Q

Date of the Krakatau Indonesia tsunami event

A

1883, 2018

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19
Q

What was the 1883 event

A

VEI 6 eruption, PDCs entered
sea, >36,000 deaths

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20
Q

What was the 2018 event

A

Eruption caused Anak Krakatau’
to collapse into sea tsunami > 420
deaths

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21
Q

La Palma flank collapse event

A

Part of the island collapsed into the sea
1.1 mag collapse and 0.56 collapse

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22
Q

Lituya Bay, Alaska 1958 event

A

Mag 7.7 earthquake triggering a landslide
30.5mill m3 rocks
local surge of water in bay scoured trees
Local tsunami 20-70 m high

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23
Q

Lisbon

A

1755, 60,000 dead

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24
Q

Krakatoa

A

1883, 36,000 related deaths

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25
Q

Japan

A

1896, 30,000 dead

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26
Q

Alaska

A

1964 , 11 dead

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27
Q

Papua New Guinea

A

1998, 2500 dead

28
Q

Sumatra

A

2004, >230,000

29
Q

Tohoku

A

2011 , >15,000

30
Q

Indonesia

A

2018, >280

31
Q

Primary Hazards in relation to inundation of water

A

Loss of life via drowning and debris impact
flooding and erosion
damage to structures

32
Q

Secondary hazards

A

polluted water supplies fires
transport disruption
disease outbreaks

33
Q

Minimising tsunami hazard

A

deposit records
historical documentation
valuable for calculating recurrence intervals

34
Q

Vulnerability modification plans

A

run-up maps
hazard maps and zones

land use planning ( buffer zones)
evac plans

35
Q

Detection and warning systems

A

pacific tsunami warning system, deep ocean assessment and reporting Tsunamis
Seismomeeters, tidal gauges and tsunameters

36
Q

Minimising tsunamis via…

A

building codes - design and construction requirements
Seawallls and barriers
Vegetation

37
Q

Most expensive earthquake triggered tsunamis

A

2011, Tohoku tsunami

38
Q

Most deadliest earthquake triggered tsunamis

A

2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

39
Q

Tohoku tsunami date

A

11th March 2021

40
Q

Tohoku tsunami Mag

A

mag 9

41
Q

Tohoku tsunami epicenter

A

70 km

42
Q

Tohoku tsunami focus

A

30km

43
Q

true or false largest ever recorded in japan

A

true

44
Q

Hitting the coast

A

10 mins

45
Q

Water travelling inland

A

10 km

46
Q

height of waves overtopping the defences

A

> 8.5

47
Q

deaths

A

> 15,000

48
Q

Rebulding costs

A

£189 bill

49
Q

What was the % of those who headed tsunami warnings immediately

A

58%

50
Q

What was the % of those attempting to evacuate but were caught in tsunami

A

5

51
Q

What was the % of those who didn’t heed the warning ad hit by the water

A

49%

52
Q

Indian Ocean tsunami date

A

26 December 2004

53
Q

Indian Ocean tsunami epicenter

A

255km

54
Q

Indian Ocean tsunami Mag

A

9.2

55
Q

Indian Ocean tsunami focus

A

30 km

56
Q

How many countries affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami

A

14

57
Q

Cost of Indian Ocean tsunami

A

£15 bill

58
Q

number of deaths during the Indian Ocean tsunami

A

> 230,000

59
Q

Movement

A

Indian and Australian plates being subducted NE beneath Burma microplate at 6cm/yr

60
Q

Movement of the Burma microplate and what rupture

A

~20m along a 1500 km rupture

61
Q

What type of event is this

A

Mega - thrust event

62
Q

How the tsunami occured

A

Displacement of seafloor disturbed water

63
Q

What were the rescue and relief measures

A

Ports destroyed
14 countries requesting aid
Money collection required

64
Q

Environmental long term impacts

A

Destroyed ecosystems ( mangroves ,coral reefs coastal wetlands and forests

Arable land contamination by salt

Contamination of freshwater supplies

65
Q

What happened ( economically ) during 2004-2007

A

UNEP: US $9.3 mill for environmental recovery and disaster reduction

66
Q

Economic long term impacts

A

Local economies destroyed
Fishing and tourism hardest hit
Damage to infrastructure

133 Natural Hazards and Society (10 decks)

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