wider scholars Flashcards
1
Q
natural law proponents
2
A
- Grotius (C17 dutch ph): said natural law still works without God even though he was religious, said international law should be based on natural law
- Grisez and Finnis: worked to revive natural law in modern times
GG
2
Q
natural law opponents
5
A
- Bentham: dismissed natural rights as ‘nonsense upon stilts’
- HLA Hart: challenged the idea that legal systems derive their authority from moral principles
- Nietzsche: said natural law was based on outdated assumptions about the universe and individuals should create their own values (thus spoke zarathustra)
- Hume: a criticism of naturalism meta-ethics, the is-ought problem and naturalistic fallacy
- Rawls: natural law fails to account for the diversity of moral beliefs and cultural differences between people and instead argued for the ‘veil of ignorance’ (ubuntu?)
BHNHR
3
Q
kantian ethics proponents
2
A
- Rawls: his ‘veil of ignorance’ owes much to universal law and treating persons as ends
- Onara O’Neill: emphasised the importance of treating people as ends in themselves and focused on Kant’s idea that ethical actions must be justifiable to everyone
RO
4
Q
kantian ethics opponents
3
A
- Nietzsche: a ‘slave morality’ that stifled human potential and creativity
- JS Mill: emphasis on duty could neglect the well-being of individuals
- Baron: (cont Am) said kant overlooks the context-dependent nature of ethical decisions
JNB
5
Q
proponents of utilitarianism
3
A
- Singer: preference utilitarianism addresses the issue that we don’t all have the same understanding of pleasure. We should all be allowed to follow our preferences as long as they don’t interfere with others and also focuses more on minimising suffering
- Popper: negative utilitarianism
- G.E. Moore: argued against the hedonistic utilitarianism and argued for a broader understanding of ‘good’ challenging the quantitive measures of utility
PGS
6
Q
opponents of utilitarianism
A
- Nozick: utilitarianism causes infringement on individual rights and property rather defending liberterian principles
- Bernard Williams: utilitarianism could cause people to sacrifice their own integrity for the greater good
- Alasdair MacIntyre: lacks a robust concept of virtues and goods and reduces morality to a mere calculus of pleasure and pain
BAN
7
Q
proponents of situation ethics
1
A
Bonhoeffer: his ideas on costly grace and responsible action seem to somewhat reflect situation ethics in sometimes acting against situation ethics to do the most loving thing
8
Q
opponents of situation ethics
A
- Hans King, Paul Ramsey and Barth: all said it lacks solid moral foundations and warned of the dangers of situationism
- Niebuhr: it fails to account for the complexities of human decision making
- Pope Pius XII: in 1952 he issued a statement condemning it as incompatible with Catholic teaching
Hx3NP
9
Q
case studies for bad CSR
A
- Rana Plaza Factory disaster in Bangladesh 2013
- Trafigura, the obvious one and recently they paid bribes to Brazilian officials to secure business with a state owned oil company - had to pay $127 million to DOJ
- Volskwagen fitting its cars with devices that enabled it to pass an exhaust emissions test in 2014
- the 2016 investigation by parliament in Sports Direct that found poor conditions for workers
10
Q
case studies for whistleblowing
A
- Erin Brockovich
- Li Wenliang for Covid
- Joshua Dean for boeing before one of the plane doors came off
11
Q
case studies for good CSR
A
- cadbury building homes for its workers
- Tony’s chocolonely
- Lush
- Patagonia
12
Q
difficulties of whistleblowing?
A
- they can face retaliation from colleagues, legal action and can even lose their jobs and future earnings
- the 2015 ‘freedom to speak out’ report into NHS whistleblowing found that 30% of whistleblowers felt unsafe and some had contemplated suicide
13
Q
what is a view to support Kant’s on good ethics as good business?
A
- Robert Solomon, 20th century modern American ethicist
- argued it is not possible to divide business from the rest of life
- too often people’s behaviour in their business lives bears no relation to how they act outside of work
- this should not be the case
14
Q
a way in which CSR is measured
A
- through the FTSE4Good index
- it gives companies an ESG (environmental, social and governance) rating
- this includes things like labour standards, water use and anti-corruption
15
Q
what is a way of measuring CSR
A
- ESG (environmental, social and governance)
- Corporate Sustainability Responsibility Directive law that holds all large and listed companies to account in the UK and EU that has mandated ESG reporting annually
- requires them to report on the European sustainibility reporting standards, like labour standards, water use and anti-corruption
