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Biodiversity And Conservation > Why Do We Conserve Biodiversity > Flashcards

Why Do We Conserve Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is consecration biology

A

The applied science of maintaining biological diversity on Earth

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2
Q

What are the foundations in conservation biology

A

In biology and ecology

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3
Q

What are the parts of conservation biology

A

Social environment
Physical environment
Biological and ecological context
Researchers, practitioners and citizens

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4
Q

What is conservation biology focused on

A

Applied practice of natural resource management. Steeped in personal, professional and social ethical questions.

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5
Q

What did Aldo Leopold day

A

Our job is to harmonise the increasing kit of scientific tools and the increasing recklessness in using them with the shrinking biotas to which they are applied. In the nature of things we are mediators and moderators and unless we can help rewrite the objectives of science we are predestined to failure.

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6
Q

How is conservation biology an evolving field

A

Growing focus on neglected fields (social sciences), neglected systems (marine and freshwater), capacity building and international engagement. Increasing policy focus and policy voice

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7
Q

What happened in 1978

A

The first international conference on research in conservation biology, university of California, San Diego in La Jolla

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8
Q

What are some good key journals

A

Conservation letters
Biological conservation
Frontiers in ecology and the environment
Oryx

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9
Q

What are the aims of conservation biology

A

Maintain what we have and increasingly think about ways to restore.
Document full range of biological diversity.
Investigate human impact on species, communities and ecosystems.

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10
Q

What do we want to develop practical approaches for

A

To prevent species extinction.
Maintain diversity.
Maintain ecosystem functions and the interactions among species.
Restore injured biological communities and systems.

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11
Q

Why does consecration not equal preservation

A

Preservation has a historical background linked to the transcendental movement whereas conservation had a very utilitarian conservation ethic.
Now, preservation attempts to maintain remaining areas untouched by humans and conservation is an amendable to resource use in a sustainable way.

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12
Q

What kind of approach is preservation and what does it focus on

A

Hands off approach focusing on the intrinsic values of nature

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13
Q

Why is conservation is important

A

Important to human development which is inevitable and important

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14
Q

Why should we conserve

A

The value of species
Direct economic values
Strategic values

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15
Q

What is the value of species

A

Instrumental/utilitarian/ use values
Ecological values.
Intrinsic (non use) values.
Uniqueness values.

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16
Q

What are the direct economic values

A

Food, medicines, clothing and fuel.
Pollination, pest control.
Recreation - direct consumption use like fishing and hunting or non consumption like photography.

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17
Q

What are strategic values

A

Indicator species and umbrella species and flagship species

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18
Q

What are indicator species

A

They reflect the quality of the environment which lets us evaluate changes and aspects of community composition - it’s instrumental.

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19
Q

What are umbrella species

A

They had demanding habitat requirements and it means that if we protect them it will have a lot of downstream impacts for other species

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20
Q

What are flagship species

A

Popular, charismatic and serve as symbols and rallying points to stimulate conservation awareness and action

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21
Q

Example of an important instrumental species

A

Freshwater invertebrate indicators - BMWP score system measures water pollution at a particular site based on species indicator

22
Q

Example of an umbrella species

A 
Jaguar
Eats 85 species.
Requires large tracts of land.
Requires corridors.
Sympatric with other felids.
23
Q

What does the conservation of jaguars justify

A

The linking it protected areas

24
Q

What are the cultural values

A

Scientific and educational.
Spiritual.
Cultural.
Historical.

25
Q

What do Darwin’s finches do

A

Help us understand evolution

26
Q

What are the ecological values of keystone species

A

Have impacts on their community or ecosystem that is large and disproportionately large relative to its abundance

27
Q

How are beavers keystone species

A

They are habitat engineers, dead wood in water provides habitats for other species and flooding regimes they create cause wetlands

28
Q

What are the ecological values of dominant species

A

They constitute a large proportion of the biomass or an ecosystem. A lot of species so their ecological distribution is disproportionate.

29
Q

What are the ecological values of diversity ecological functions

A

Play key, large roles in ensuring the function of the overall ecosystem. Dung beetles play critical roles in nutrient cycles

30
Q

Examples of keystone species

A

Wolves
Bats
Fig trees
Disease causing organisms

31
Q

Examples of rare species

A

Wildflowers
Butterflies
Missed

32
Q

Examples of dominant species

A

Forest trees
Deer
Giant kelps
Prairie grass

33
Q

What is the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions (biomass and ground cover)

A

Positive but functions carried out by a few species in plants

34
Q

What is functional diversity different from

A

Species richness

35
Q

Example of plant with a key functional role that has low biomass

A

Canopy bromeliads . Grow on other plants and in a tropical rainforest going up in the canopy is quite dry bc it’s windy. The Leafs are perfect for frogs as they create little puddles and their structure maintains water

36
Q

What is intrinsic (non use) values

A

All species have inherent value independent of their usefulness to people or their ecological value

37
Q

Characteristics of intrinsic values

A

Implications for welfare.
Subjective.
Presents challenges for prioritisation.

38
Q

What is uniqueness values

A

Represent a disproportionate amount of unique evolutionary history. They have few close relatives, and are often the only species in their genus or only genus remaining of their family

39
Q

Value is not just species themselves, what else is it

A

The broader ecosystem goods and services that biodiversity supports

40
Q

Examples of ecosystem services

A

Nutrient cycling
Soil formation
Primary production

41
Q

Examples of provisional services

A 
Food 
Freshwater 
Wood 
Fiver fuel
Regulating climate 
Flood 
Disease 
Water purification
42
Q

Example of valuing ecosystem services

A

SE Asian parks.
Broad recognition of goods and services beyond direct instrument use values.
Relationships among different demographic, economic and educational variables, and the types of goods and services people value.

43
Q

What are the diverse values of birds

A 
Food 
Pest control.
Biological indicators.
Recreation.
Diverse intrinsic values.
Uniqueness values.
Ornament.
Religion and mythology.
Cultural and arts.
Other utilitarian uses.
Functional ecological values.
44
Q

Examples of birds used for food

A

Pigeons and poultry

45
Q

Examples of birds used for pest control

A

Insectivorous birds

46
Q

Examples of birds used for biological indicators

A

Pesticides

47
Q

Examples of whrn birds are used for recreation

A

Hunting, falconry, pets

48
Q

Examples of birds used for uniqueness

A

Spoonbill and kokapo

49
Q

Examples of birds used for ornament

A

Egrets

Birds of paradise

50
Q

Examples of birds used for religion

A

Eagles
Ibises
Owls

51
Q

Examples of birds used for functional ecological values

A

Seed dispersers
Pollinators
Fertilisers

52
Q

What is the IPBES approach to valuing nature (Pascual 2017)

A

Diverse valuation through biophysical, sociocultural, economic, health and holistic. A broad view, challenge is operationalising this

Biodiversity And Conservation (10 decks)

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