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Biodiversity And Conservation > Selecting Species To Save > Flashcards

Selecting Species To Save Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Telipogon ampliflorus orchid do

A

Pumps out pheromones to attract insects with sex - barrow thermal range

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2
Q

What is the criteria for selecting species for consecration

A 
Instrumental use
Intrinsic value
Ecological value
Uniqueness
Level of threat
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3
Q

What are the extinction threat categories from the IUCN red list

A 
Extinct (EX)
Extinct in the wild (EW)
Critically endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Near threatened (NT)
Least concern (LC)

Data deficient (DD) and Not evaluated (NE)

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4
Q

How do the IUCN provide their red list

A

What is the likelihood of a species becoming extinct in the near future, given current knowledge about population trends, range and recent, current or projected threats

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5
Q

What does the IUCN stand for

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature

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6
Q

What does extinct mean

A

When there is not doubt that the last individual has died

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7
Q

Example of a species that was thought to be extinct but reducscovwrwd

A

lzarus species

Largest bee in the world in Indonesia (magachile Pluto)

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8
Q

What does extinct in the wild mean

A

When it is known only to survive in captivity or as naturalised population well outside the past range

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9
Q

Example of critically endangered species

A

Mountain gorilla

Franklin’s bumblebee

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10
Q

Example of endangered species

A

Tasmanian devil

Giant panda

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11
Q

Example of vulnerable species

A

African elephant

Rosalia longicorn beetle

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12
Q

What does IUCN data allow us to measure

A

The trend of threatened species and if it continues

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13
Q

What are the extinction criteria for critically endangered animals

A 
>80% decline over last 10 years.
>10km2 occupancy
>25% decline expected over 3 years
<50 mature individuals 
50% extinct in last 10 years
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14
Q

What are the extinction criteria for endangered animals

A 
50% decline
>500km2
>20% decline over 5 years
>250 immature indicualas 
20% in 20 years extinct
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15
Q

What are the extinction criteria for vulnerable animals

A 
20% decline 
<2000km2
0% decline expected in 10 years
<1000 individuals
10% probability of extinction in 100 years
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16
Q

How to measure extinction threat

A

Observed/expected/historical decline in numbers.
Geographical area occupied.
Number of populations.
Number of living and breeding individuals.
Known threats and their trajectory.

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17
Q

Problem with measuring extinction threat

A

Data is often highly incomplete

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18
Q

What does IUCN say about limited data

A

We shouldn’t allow it to be an excuse for inaction

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19
Q

What are different data sources

A 
Observed 
Estimated
Projected
Inferred
Suspected
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20
Q

Example of an animal to consider assessments at different scale

A

Red squirrel is endangered in England. Vulnerable in Britain and least concern worldwide

21
Q

What are some pros of species based conservation

A

Species more discrete entitles than ecosystems.
Convenient for monitoring.
Public interest in species.

22
Q

Cons of species based conservation

A

Little known about most species.

Causes taxonomic bias (vertebrates and higher plants)

23
Q

Why is there taxonomic bias

A

Because we rely on public interest and volunteers to do the research there’s taxonomic bias as individuals can’t be bothered to go through the processes if they don’t care about the animals

24
Q

What is the criteria for selecting areas for consecration

A 
Size of the area
Intactness
Site condition
Level of threat
Habitat rarity
Fragility / vulnerable to change
Biodiversity
25
Q

Example of size of the area having an impact

A

No. Of reptiles and amphibians on a W. Indian island increase with island size

26
Q

Example of intactness having an impact

A

In the Amazonian region

27
Q

Example of rarity having an impact

A

Costa Rica has suffered disproportionate loss of tropical dry forest which is a great ecosystem for humans and animals. McDonald’s used to be spruced

28
Q

Where are global threat hotspots

A

In South America
In Madagascar
In Asia e.g Indonesia

29
Q

Example of fragility of the system to change having an affect

A

The Gran Sabana ecosystem is highly vulnerable to disturbance e.g soil compaction. But has lots of biodiversity. Thin soils can be blown away as well - lots of threat.

30
Q

What are the measures of biodiversity of the area

A

Richness hotspots
Endemicity hotspots
Threat hotspots
Complementarity area

31
Q

Why are endemicity hotspots smaller

A

Usually endemic to a country or type of forest or mountain or a hillside or even a plot

32
Q

What have large NGOs done in the last 15 years

A

Started to map out priorities in strategic areas found 25 terrestrial hotspots

33
Q

Examples of hot spots

A

Caribbean
Central chilli
New Zealand
Madagascar’s

34
Q

What is a complementarity area

A

Represent as much biodiversity as possible in a limited area of land available for conservation

35
Q

Problem with leaving some areas not protected

A

You can do educational program and establish new policies but if people live there and there’s political boundaries there is constraints as well

36
Q

What is the challenge of complementarity

A

Inconvenient as the hot spots of richness, threat and endemicity don’t really line up

37
Q

Why do the hot spots for richness, threat and endemicity determine

A

Sites of specific scientific interest

38
Q

How many national parks in England

A
  1. 9.3% area
39
Q

How many national parks in wales

A
  1. 19.9% area
40
Q

How many national parks in Scotland.

A
  1. 7.2% of area
41
Q

What is the reserve-health index

A

Index measures changes in:
10 guilds of animals and plants
Includes disturbance-avoiding and favouring species.
Over past 20-30 years.

42
Q

Do protected areas work in the Uk

A

Protected area excludes 31 species of birds.
20 new cells would be needed to represent all species.
16 cells needed to repeat by all red data species.

43
Q

Do protected areas work in New Caledonia

A

83% of the 447 threatened species are not in protected areas.
5-9 times the current protection area is needed

44
Q

What is a trade off

A

A balance achieved between two desirable but incompatible features, a compromise

45
Q

Example of trade off questions

A

Do we establish critical protected areas where people live?
Do we allow tourism into an ecologically sensitive area that needs conservation dollars?
Do we protect wild life that face direct conflict with humans?
Do we protect a species no matter the economic cost?

46
Q

Examples of trade offs

A

Road development considering agricultural vs envonrmwntal values.
Tourism in Gran Sabana.
Endangered species that are expensive to protect like Mauritius kestrel and sumatran rhino.

47
Q

What is the conservation triage

A

Approaches that abandon some species or subpopulations to extinction, in order to focus resources on others with higher chances of survival but HOW do you chose that and who chooses it

48
Q

What does conservation equal

A

Complex decision making. Indentifyint region, biodiversity assets, candidate management actions, estimate cost, calculate biodiversity benefit, rank actions by benefit and cost, Create feasible actions, schedule and implement actions, evaluate effectiveness

Biodiversity And Conservation (10 decks)

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