Whole Course Flashcards
1
Q
Reasons why some women got the vote in 1918
Introduction:
A
- BK: In the late 19th century, Britain more democratic, eg working class men could vote
- BK: Women couldn’t vote until 1918 representation of the people act
- Factors: Suffragists, Suffragettes, Changes in society regarding women, Role of women in WW1
- LOA: This essay will argue that the most important reason why some women got the vote in 1918 was because of the actions of the Suffragists
2
Q
Reasons why some women got the vote in 1918 The Suffragists:
A
- KU: Formed in 1865, led by Millicent Fawcett, gradualist approach used petitions, marches, speeches, lobbying
- KU: Membership of mainly ‘respectable, middle class women’
- A: Gained support of the newly formed Labour Party and key Liberal MPs such as J.S. Mill and David Lloyd George
- A+: Little urgency for the government to act, and gained little public attention and sympathy
- E: Most important because they kept reconciliation bills relevant in parliament, discussed in 1910, 11, and 12 and respectable middle class women overlapped with property owning women over 30
3
Q
Reasons why some women got the vote in 1918 Suffragettes:
A
- KU: Branched off from the Suffragists in 1903, led by Emmeline Pankhurst. Their motto was ‘Deeds not Words’
- KU: Imprisoned Suffragettes protested their right to be held as political prisoners by hunger striking, and the force feeding that ensued could lead to injury or death
- A: The Suffragettes had a lot of press attention and public sympathy and support, putting pressure on the Government to make changes
- A+: They reinforced ideas of women being irrational and not worthy of the right to vote
- E: No new laws relating to women’s sufferage were passed while they were at the height of their actions, and many of their membership left to rejoin the Suffragists
4
Q
Reasons why some women got the vote in 1918 Changes in Society
A
- KU: Women and men had operated in ‘separate spheres’, women domestically and men in public
- KU: Education Act 1892 and women’s colleges in Oxford and Cambridge, more women and girls becoming educated
- A: By the early 20th century, women’s literacy up from 77% to 97%, challenging the idea that women are ‘too uneducated’ to vote.
- A+: However Queen Victoria and many other influential people in Britain were against the changing role of women in society
- E: Not the most important factor because no reforms were passed for decades before 1918, but the Suffragists actively campaigned up to 1918 when some women got the vote
5
Q
Reasons why some women got the vote in 1918 Role of Women in WW1
A
- KU: 900,000 women took up dangerous work in munitions factories
- KU: The number of women working in the transport industry went up from 18,000 to 117,000
- A: Women may have been given the vote as a ‘thank you’ for helping to keep Britain afloat during the war
- A+: Women also helped in the war effort in France, but didn’t get enfranchised until 1944
- E: Most of the working women were young and working class, but the women who were enfranchised in 1918 were property owning women over the age of 30, which aligns more with the Suffragist membership rather than the demographic who were working during WW1
6
Q
Reasons why some women got the vote in 1918 Example of other Countries (only use if isolated factor)
A
- KU: NZ, Australia and Finland all gave women the vote before WW1
- KU: Denmark and Iceland both gave women the vote in 1915
- A: Britain was seen as falling behind the rest of the empire in terms of democracy
- A+: It took Britain 25 years from New Zealand giving women the vote in 1893 until 1918
- E: Similar countries to the UK such as France and Italy didn’t give women the vote until 1944, and Portugal didn’t enfranchise women until 1976
7
Q
Reasons why Liberals Passed Reforms from 1906-1914
Introduction:
A
- BK: Industrialisation led to overcrowding in urban areas, causing poor health and low pay
- BK: There was no government intervention until the early 1900s, the only help available for poor people was from ‘Poor Houses’ or charities
- Factors: Fears over National Security, the Poverty Reports, the Rise of Labour, Municipal socialism (and New Liberalism)
- LOA: This essay will argue that the frears over national security were the most important reason why the liberals passed reforms 1906-1914.
8
Q
Reasons why Liberals Passed Reforms from 1906-1914
Fears over National Security:
A
- KU: Boer War from
1899-1902 in South Africa, the British Army was too small so volunteer soldiers were needed, but many were in too poor condition to enrol. Socialist leader Henry Hyndman claimed that 50% of the urban working classes were in too poor physical health to join. - KU: 2 Investigations into public health were set up, the Committee for physical deterioration in England and the Royal Commission in Scotland advised the government to implement school meals and free medical inspections for children.
- A: Showed the government a direct impact of poverty which couldn’t ignore, especially with rising tensions in Europe
- A+: The reforms didn’t only help potential soldiers, helped the elderly and unemployed also.
- E: Most important because investigations had clear guidance, and one of the first reforms to be passed was the Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906, showing how fears over national security encouraged the government to pass reforms
9
Q
Reasons why Liberals Passed Reforms from 1906-1914
the Poverty Reports
A
- KU: Seebhom Rowntree determined the phrases primary Vs secondary poverty, and Charles Booth came up with the poverty line of 21 shillings per week
- KU: Booth found that 30% of London was in poverty, and 28% of York was in Poverty
- A: It was harder for the Government to ignore statistics in comparison to opinion
- A+: Many MPs were still convinced that poverty was due to laziness, gambling, and overspending
- E: Didn’t suggest a way forward, unlike fears for national security which did
10
Q
Reasons why Liberals Passed Reforms from 1906-1914
the Rise of Labour
A
- KU: In 1906, the Labour Representation Committee became the Labour Party which aimed to pass social welfare reform
- KU: In 1910, Labour won 2 by-elections, had 40 MPs in snap election. Liberals only beat conservatives by 2 seats
- A: Liberals felt threatened and passed reforms to win over labour voters
- A+: Many working class were against paying contributions into schemes such as National Insurance
- E: Labour party was too small to be a threat, and there was no mention of social welfare reform in Labour’s manifesto.
11
Q
Reasons why Liberals Passed Reforms from 1906-1914
Municipal Socialism
A
- KU: 1850s Glasgow Town Council controlled water, gas lighting and opened public parks
- KU: Influential philanthropists such as flour merchant John Ure led the effort to clean up the city
- A: Provided a framework which could be implemented on a national scale
- A+: MPs still opposed intervention
- E: Didn’t pressure the government to make any changes
12
Q
Reasons why Liberals Passed Reforms from 1906-1914
New Liberalism (only if isolated factor)
A
- KU: David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill had interventionist ideas, they wanted to implement socialism to help poorer people
- KU: In 1908 the ‘Old Liberal’ Bannerman died and allowed the new liberals to take control of the government
- A: Allowed new ideas into parliament, leading to social welfare reforms being passed
- A+: However the proposed ‘People’s budget’ in 1909 faced huge opposition
- E: Not the most important factor as Liberals were not popular, and only just won the snap election by 2 seats.
13
Q
Effectiveness of Liberal Reforms 1906-1914
Introduction:
A
- BK: Government attitudes were changing from laissez faire to collectivist in the early 1900s
- BK: Government decided they would support the public if they paid contributions
- Factors: Young, old, sick, working class
- LOA: Effective to some extent, but with some key failures
14
Q
Effectiveness of Liberal Reforms 1906-1914
Young
A
- KU: Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906 allowed local authorities to provide school meals for children in poverty
- KU: 158,000 children were fed by the scheme which was 50% funded by the treasury
- A: By 1914, 14 million children has access to school meals, improving health and academic success
- A+: School meals were not compulsory and in 1912 only 131/322 local councils provided them
- E: Body weight usually declined during the holidays, showing the limited success.
15
Q
Effectiveness of Liberal Reforms 1906-1914
Old
A
- KU: Old Age Pension Act 1908 gave people aged over 70 who earned less than £21 yearly 5s a week.
- KU: Over 70s who earned £21-£31:50 got less than 5s a week and married couples got 7s6d.
- A: Pensions were collected at the post office which reduced the stigma around receiving government help that existed from Poor Houses
- A+:Payments kept pensioners under the poverty line so they would have to work alongside their pension to earn enough to live comfortably
- E: Life expectancy was only 45 for men and 48 for women so most people died before they were old enough to receive a pension
16
Q
Effectiveness of Liberal Reforms 1906-1914
Sick
A
- KU: National Insurance Act Part 1 in 1911 made health insurance compulsory for anyone earning under £160 each year
- KU: Contributory scheme meant that those too sick to work got 9s for 13 weeks and 5s for another 13 weeks
- A: Provided an income for those too ill to work
- A+: Only lasted for 26 weeks and anyone ill for longer had to go to Poor Houses
- E: Not effective as health insurance only covered the worker and not their family
17
Q
Effectiveness of Liberal Reforms 1906-1914
Working Class
A
- KU: Workmen’s Compensation Act 1906 compensated those who became ill or injued at or because of their place of work
- KU: Trade Boards Act 1909 determined minimum wages in professions such as tailoring and box-making
- A: Effective because workplaces took responsibility for the wellbeing of their workers and it made injured people more likely to recover
- A+: The term minimum wage was not defined, and some professions still did not have minimum wages
- E: Made conditions safer in jobs from mining to tailoring, however shop workers were still only given a half-day break every week, showing the limitations to the success of the reforms.
18
Q
Effectiveness of Labour Reforms from 1945-1951
Introduction
A
- BK: The Labour Party was elected into government in 1945, after WW2 a more collectivist attitude with a growing feeling of consensus and community was emerging
- BK: Labour passes social and economic reform in order to care for British Citizens ‘from the cradle to the grave’.
- Factors: In 1942 William Beveridge published a report identifying the 5 things the government would need to do to make Britain better, this essay will discuss 4 of these ‘giants’: Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness.
- LOA: This essay will argue that the Labour reforms were effective to some extent at dealing with the 5 giants, however they had some key failures
19
Q
Effectiveness of Labour Reforms from 1945-1951
Disease
A
- KU: NHS formed in 1948, it was comprehensive, free access to doctors, dentists, opticians and hospitals
- KU: Paid for by taxes, but was free at point of service for anyone who needed it
- A: The number of prescriptions per month went up from 7 million to 13 million by September 1948
- A+: Many hospitals were outdated and struggled to cope with the increased demand for healthcare
- E: Millions had access to healthcare they couldn’t afford beforehand, however it cost the government £358 million by 1950 ,and they had to introduce charges for glasses and dental treatment
20
Q
Effectiveness of Labour Reforms from 1945-1951
Ignorance
A
- KU: Butler Education Act (1944) built new schools, trained new teachers and increased the leaving age to 15.
- KU: An 11+ exam determined whether students would progress to academic or technical skills schools
- A: By 1951, 400,000 new teachers had been trained
- A+: By 1950, 1,116 new schools were built, however 928 were primaries, leading to a shortage of secondary schools
- E: Effective to some extent, more educated adults were contributing to society in the years after, however the new system was biased towards middle class children and socially divisive.
21
Q
Effectiveness of Labour Reforms from 1945-1951
Squalor
A
- KU: New Towns Act 1947 aimed to build 12 new communities, examples of these are Glenrothes and East Kilbride in Scotland
- KU: These new towns had shops, schools, and houses with electricity, separate kitchens and bedrooms and indoor bathrooms.
- A: From 1947-1951, over 1 million new homes were built
- A+: In 1951, homelessness was at the same level that it was in 1931 following the great depression
- E: Successful to some extent as it reduced overcrowding in cities like Glasgow, however in the 1951 census there were 750,000 less houses than households.
22
Q
Effectiveness of Labour Reforms from 1945-1951
Idleness
A
- KU: The government wanted to achieve full employment in Britain, or 3% unemployment. They did this by Nationalisation
- KU: Unprofitable industries were subsedised, for example the Bank of England and the Coal Board,
- A: Unemployment levels went down from 22% to 2.5%
- A+: Some nationalised industries such as the Coal Board were ineffective
- E: Nationalisation scheme was successful to some extent, but it may not have worked if Britain was not also receiving grants from America
23
Q
Reasons for the Emergence of the Cold War up to 1955
Introduction
A
- BK: Allies won WW2 in 1945. Russia had a civil war in 1922 with the Reds (communists) against the Whites (non-communists). The USA backed the Whites but the Reds won.
- BK: The USA refused to recognise the USSR as a country until 1933
- Factors: Crisis over Korea, Tensions in the Wartime Alliance, the Arms Race, Disagreements over Germany, (Ideological Differences)
- LOA: Crisis in Korea was the most important reason
24
Q
Reasons for the Emergence of the Cold War up to 1955
Crisis over Korea
A
- KU: The USSR’s cominform policy led them to help Communist North Korea to invade Capitalist South Korea. In response the UN allowed the USA to help South Korea to fight back in order to actively stop communism as suggested by the NSC68 in 1950.
- KU: Communist China also helped North Korea until Eisenhower forced peace by threatening China with an atomic bomb, North and South Korea were separated at the 38th parallel again.
- A: USSR helping China and North Korea to become communist made the containment scheme spread to Asia, increasing the scale of the USA and USSR’s differences
- A+: China also helped North Korea but didn’t enter a Cold War with the USA
- E: Both countries used their military against each other, which was much bigger than all previous arguments
25
Q
Reasons for the Emergence of the Cold War up to 1955
Tensions in the Wartime Alliance
A
- KU: The USA and USSR wormed a Wartime Alliance in order to eradicate the Nazis, however the USSR was worried that the USA would team up with the Nazis, and the USA were suspicious of the Nazi-Soviet Pact from 1939
- KU: The USSR wanted a second front to be opened against the Nazis, but the Allies delayed this until 1944
- A: Failure of the Allies to open a second front against the Nazis sooner made the USSR think they wanted to let the Nazis destroy the USSR, angering Stalin and causing the Cold War
- A+: The Allies never attacked the USSR< and did eventually open a second front in 1944
- E: The two countries did manage to come to an agreement at the Potsdam conference in 1945, proving that the tensions did not prevent them from working together
26
Q
Reasons for the Emergence of the Cold War up to 1955
The Arms Race
A
- KU:In 1945, the USA dropped 2 atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These were developed by the secret Manhattan Project and Stalin was never officially made aware of them
- KU: In 1949 NATO was formed from 12 European countries to protect each other against USSR attack. In response, the USSR formed the Warsaw Pact between countries such as Bulgaria and East Germany
- A: Stalin not being informed about Hiroshima and Nagasaki proved that the USA did not trust the USSR and maybe even tried to intimidate them
- A+: NATO and the Warsaw Pact were both purely defensive organisations so they couldn’t have caused the Cold War
- E: Hiroshima and Nagasaki were only done to end the war quickly and not to intimidate the USSR or start the Cold War.
27
Q
Reasons for the Emergence of the Cold War up to 1955
Disagreements Over Germany
A
- KU: At the Potsdam conference in 1945, Germany and the capital Berlin was shared between USA, Britain, France and USSR, despite differing goals for Europe
- KU: USSR blocked road and canal links to remove allies from Berlin, in response allies airlifted 2m tonnes of food + fuel, flights left up to every 30s
- A: Blockade proved that USSR didn’t honour Potsdam agreement
- A+: Blockade ended in 1949 after only 322 days, unlikely that it caused the decades-long Cold War
- E: Changes made by the Allies in West Germany such as military and currency unifications didn’t impact East Germany therefore can’t have caused the Cold War babes xoxo
28
Q
Reasons for the Emergence of the Cold War up to 1955
Ideological Differences (only if isolated factor)
A
- KU: The USA is Capitalist, believes in free speech and the right to vote while the USSR was Communist and has a one-party political system
- KU: Truman’s Containment scheme intended to stop Communism by spendinf $13bn to help countries such as Greece rebuild after WW2 and adopt Capitalism
- A: Marshall Aid was directly gainst the USSR’s Cominform goals for Europe, angering Stalin and causing the Cold War
- A+: Both sides thought that the other’s political system would collapse on its own, meaning there was no need for the Cold War
- E: The countries were able to put aside their idealogical differences during WW2, there is no reason why they couldn’t work together after the war as well.
29
Q
Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962
Introduction:
A
- BK: 1959 Castro’s left wing revolution overthrew the corrupt, capitalist, US-backed Batista
- BK: This caused relations between Cuba and the USA to deteriorate and Cuba sought out the USSR’s help
- Factors: Castro’s victory in Cuba, US foreign policy, Khrushchev’s view of Kennedy, the Arms Race, (Khrushchev’s domestic position)
- LOA: This essay will argue that the most important reason for the Cuban Missile Crisis was Castro’s victory in Cuba.
30
Q
Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962
Castro’s Victory in Cuba:
A
- KU: Castro took over the Cuban Government in 1959, overthrowing corrupt, capitalist Batista
- KU: Cuba stopped all sugar trade with the USA and nationalised their economies, signed a deal with the USSR that they would buy 1m tonnes of sugar each yr in return for oil and machinery
- A: Cuba was only 90 miles from Florida, if Castro hadn’t been successful then the USA wouldn’t have had to ready to communism being so close to the America
- A+: However in 1959, Castro visited the USA, proving that they still had good relations and it would have suited him to continue this and not start the Cuban Missile Crisis
- E: The sanctions on exports of sugar to the USA meant that Cuba got help from the USSR, allowing them to place missiles there starting the Cuban Missile Crisis
31
Q
Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962
US Foreign Policy:
A
- KU: The 1823 Munro Doctrine was against any country influencing the Americas and they were very angry about the communist influence on Cuba that was so close to the USA.
- KU: The Bay of Pigs invasion was an attempt to remove Castro from parliament that failed due to poor planning. 1200 Cuban exiles were captured and imprisoned, despite having been trained by the CIA.
- A: Attempts from the US to remove Castro such as the Bay of Pigs invasion and Operation Mongoose meant that he allowed the USSR to place missiles in Cuba for protection
- A+: However the USA’s aggressive foreign policy was only for avoiding a repeat of Pearl Harbour, not for starting a conflict with Cuba or the USSR
- E: The Bay of Pigs invasion showed that the USA would take military action against Communism, likely making Khrushchev more cautious about placing missiles in Cuba
32
Q
Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962
Khrushchev’s View of Kennedy:
A
- KU: Kennedy only won the vote by a weak majority of 100,000 and Khrushchev thought he was weak, inexperienced and easily manipulated to make concessions to Khrushchev over the arms race
- KU: At the Vienna Summit in 1961 Kennedy told Khrushchev that the USA would not stop the Berlin Wall, and Khrushchev saw this as more weakness.
- A: Because Kennedy didn’t stop the Berlin Wall from being built, he thought that the USA wouldn’t stop any attempt to stop Communism, such as placing missiles in Cuba.
- A+: Kennedy was pressured by Anti-Communist groups so wouldn’t have been able to submit to aggression from the USSR even if he wanted to
- E: Both Kennedy and Khrushchev were equally scared of nuclear war, and Khrushchev wouldn’t have pushed Kennedy far enough to risk it
33
Q
Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962
the Arms Race:
A
- KU: In 1962, the USSR only had around 220 missile warheads while the US had 4000, and their ICBMs could not reach mainland America
- KU: In 1961, the ‘Jupiter Missiles’ were placed in Turkey which could strike anywhere in the USSR. They Retaliated by placing missiles in Cuba
- A: The weapons in Cuba as a result of the Jupiter Missiles allowed the USSR to destroy all major US cities in the event of nuclear war
- A+: However, the Jupiter Missiles were not very powerful, and were vulnerable to attack from the USSR’s air force, meaning that Cuba’s missiles were not necessary for the USSR’s superiority.
- E: The USSR could destroy all European allies because they had more soldiers and tanks than the NATO forces, therefore it was not necessary to place missiles in Cuba to destroy NATO and win the arms race
34
Q
Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962
Khrushchev’s Domestic Position: (only use if isolate factor)
A
- KU: Khrushchev’s secret speech where he criticised Stalin’s actions was leaked, causing pro-Stalin riots in Hungary and Poland in 1956.
- KU: Khrushchev introduced farming reform which failed and caused food prices to rise, lowering his popularity further.
- A: Khrushchev needed to avoid being overthrown by having a success in foreign policy to distract from his domestic failures, he tried to do this by placing missiles in Cuba
- A+: His secret speech showed that he was not fully committed to Communism so it is unlikely that he would risk nuclear war just to spread communism
- E: Khrushchev was not guaranteed to win a conflict in with the USA, it would have been better to attack the US’ bases in Europe than risk losing to the USA in a nuclear war by placing missiles in Cuba.
