SCOTTISH HISTORY WILL BE IN THE PAST SOON🥳 Flashcards
win at higher historyh am i not right fam (58 cards)
1
Q
BK knowledge for Migration of Scots! (5)
A
- In the 19th century, the textile industry in Scotland was flourishing
- By 1913, Glasgow produced 1/3 of the world’s locomotives and Paisley produced 80% of all thread worldwide
- Agriculture went into decline, in the mid 1800s, 30% of men in Scotland were farmers, compared to only 14% in the early 20th century
- Cities were overcrowded and disease ridden- with frequent epidemics of typhus and cholera
- From 1830 to 1939, over 2 million people left Scotland.
2
Q
Push Factors from the Highlands: (8)
A
- There was a potato famine in the 1840s, potatoes made up around 80% of Scottish people’s diets at the time, so 150,000 people were at risk of starvation)
- Many of the Lairds who tried to help the tenants affected by the famine went bankrupt, for example the MacLeods.
- The Highland Clearances involved large estates removing crofters to make space for the more profitable sheep farming and deer stalking businesses. For example, crofting families in Caithness had their houses burned down so they could not return. The clearances only ended in 1886 with the Crofter’s Holdings Act.
- James Matheson paid the people who lived on his estate on Lewis to leave, by 1856 he had paid 2200 crofters to leave.
- The highland farming equipment was very basic, making farming hard. For example the cas chrom used for ploughing the stony land and soil
- Highland blackhouses were old fashioned and basic compared to newer ‘white’ housing options in urban areas.
- Kelp farming supported 40-50,000 people but declined in 1822. In Benbecula, 7-8,000/12,000 people relied on kelp farming as their only source of income.
- The fishing industry went into decline for 20 years after Germany and Russia stopped buying Scottish herring due to hyperinflation and the Russian civil war.
3
Q
Push factors for leaving the lowlands? (2)
A
- changes to farming such as the invention of the self-binding reaper and the potato digger meant that there was less employment available on lowland farms. it would take 22 men to work an acre of land in 1840, but only 12 in 1914
- There was a lot of unemployment in cities, caused by inventions such as the power loom which made worker’s skills redundant. Furthermore, the lack of trade following WW1 led to a lot of unemployment
4
Q
Pull factors to leave Scotland (8)
A
- There were new industries emerging in the lowlands, such as jute, textiles, alcohol and shipbuilding
- The Highlands and Islands Emigration Society helped crofters go to Australia and Canada, from 1852-1854, they helped over 2000 people emigrate from the Highlands
- The Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners were a government organisation which bought land in the colonies to sell to emigrating highlanders until 1878. £10,000 helped highlanders emigrate
- 2000 hand loom weavers were funded to move to Canada
- The Empire Settlement Act 1922 also gave £3million each year to help people move to the colonies
- Children were also helped to leave Scotland, for example WIlliam Quarrier’s 1871 orphanages sent some children to Canada in 1872, and by 1933, 7000 children had done the same. The YMCA also sent young boys across the British Empire.
- Transport had hugely improved with the advent of the industrial revolution. The boat journey from Scotland to the USA had decreased from 6 weeks in 1850 to only 1 week in 1914. The train journey from Glasgow to London had also reduced to only 12 hours.
- There were also much better wages in some of the new colonies than there were in Scotland. Granite workers in the USA could earn as much in a day and a half as Scottish ones could in a week.
5
Q
Impact of Scots on Canada: (9)
A
- By 1899, 1/3 of Canadian businesses were owned by Scots, despite their only making up 16% of the population
- The Canadian-Pacific railway was supported by a Scot, John MacDonald, funded by George Stephen and engineered by Sandford Flemming, all Scots.
- Gaelic is still spoken in Nova Scotia, and there is a Canadian dialect of Gaelic called Annan.
- The first few Canadian prime ministers were Scots, for example John MacDonald and Alexander MacKenzie were Scottish
- Scots did inter-marry with the Native Canadians, and their children were called the ‘Anglo-Metis’
- Indigenous Canadian people would riot against Scottish colonisers. For example, the 1869 Red River Rebellion and the 1885 North West Rebellion
- Residential schools were set up by Scots to ‘kill the Indian in the child’ and 150,000 indigenous (Meti, Inuit, First Nations) children were stolen from their homes and families.
- Scots would trade with the Native Peoples, they would share their medical knowledge in turn for advice on how to survive the harsh conditions.
- Schools were set up by Scots, for example the St. John’s College in Manitoba and McGill University in Montreal. Bishop McEarchan set up a religious college based on the Scottish Schooling system on Prince Edward Island
6
Q
Who was Sandford Flemming?
A
engineered the Canadian-Pacific Railway
7
Q
Who was John MacDonald?
A
- Prime minister of Canada and also supported the C-P railway
8
Q
Who was George Stephen?
A
absolute babe who funded the C-P railway innit
9
Q
Who was Alexander MacKenzie?
A
another prime minister of Canada
10
Q
Who was Bishop McEarchan?
A
formed a college in Canada on Prince Edward Island based off the Scottish school system
11
Q
Impact of Scots on India: (10)
A
- Scots developed India’s main trade routes, including the exports of jute, sugar and cotton, and developed the tea trade. For example, the East India Company was founded by Henry Dundas in the 1700s, and Thomas Lipton, a merchant from Glasgow, was key in developing the tea trade and building plantations.
- James Ramsay, the Marquis of Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India from 1848-1856 and oversaw the construction of Canals, Railways and Irrigation systems
- Andrew Yule was famous for developing trade routes between Britain and India, he set up the Hoolung Pooree tea company and was involved in Jute as well.
- Scots were involved in the military in India, the First War of Indian Independence from 1857-1859 involved the Commander-in-Chief of the British Troops Sir Colin Campbell
- Scots were heavily involved in the Indian Government, there were six Scottish Gorvernor-Generals and Viceroys, Including Sir James Ramsay (1848-1856)
- Many Scots were missionaries and educators in India, Alexander Duff set up a school in Calcutta that was used as a model for more schools in India.
- John Wilson set up the Abercrombie English School in Bombay.
- Scots banned practices in India such as Suttee (human sacrifice) and Thugee (ritual murder). James Dalhousie was highly involved in this.
- Many Scots were trying to spread Presbyterianism in India, they did this by opening churches and converting people. Churches were opened in places such as Sora and Serampore by Ministers such as Alexander Duff
- A police force was created in modern day Pakistan in 1842 by Charles Napier
12
Q
What did Henry Dundas do?
A
- MF founded the East India Company in the 1700s
13
Q
Thomas Lipton???
A
- Developed India’s plantations and tea trade
14
Q
James Ramsay, Marquis of Dalhousie?
A
Governor General of India from 1848-1856 and oversaw the construction of Railways, Canals and Irrigation systems
15
Q
Sir Colin Campbell
A
Commander-in-Chief of the British troops in the First War of Indian Independence. from 1857-1859
16
Q
Alexander Duff:
A
- Set up a school in calcutta which was a model for more schools
- Set up Presbyterian churches in Sora and Serampore
17
Q
JAMES DALHOUSIEEE
A
- Involved in the banning of specific native Indian practices such as Suttee and Thugee
18
Q
Charles Napier?
A
- Founded a police force in Modern day Pakistan in 1842
19
Q
Impacts of Scots on Australia (9)
A
- Scots were involved in developing the farming industry in India, John MacArthur introduced Merino Sheep to Australia
- Scots often worked in and made coal mines in Australia, James Mitchell operated a copper and coal mine in Newcastle, Australia
- The Australian education system was based off the Scottish one, Schools were also founded like Scotch College in Sydney and St Andrew’s college which was founded in 1867
- Scottish Colonies in Australia were named after Scottish towns, and these names stuck. 17% of non-indigenous place names in Australia are Scottish, for example, Perth, Stirling, Dundee.
- Scots played many important roles in the Australian Parliament. For example, Andrew Fisher from Ayrshire became prime minister of Australia 3 times between 1908-1915.
- Australia gave women the vote in 1902, partly due to Catherine Helen Spence who was Scottish and campaigned for womens’ suffrage as well as becoming Australia’s first female political candidate
- Protestant immigrants also set up churches in Australia, the Scots’ Church is the Presbyterian church in Melbourne
- Scots tried to split up and ‘civilise’ native Australians by separating them from their language and culture. The number of spoken languages in Australia has reduced to only 20 likely to survive today because of this
- Scottish diseases such as smallpox ravages the native societies
20
Q
James MacArthur
A
Introduced Merino Sheep to Australia
21
Q
James Mitchell
A
Operated a copper and coal mine in Newcastle, Australia
22
Q
Andrew Fisher
A
Became Australian prime minister 3 times between 1908-1915
23
Q
Catherine Helen Spence
A
campaigned for womens’ suffrage in Australia as well as becoming Australia’s first female political candidate
24
Q
Impact of Scots on New Zealand (8)
A
- Scots founded banks and had a huge impact on the NZ economy, Scots merchants in Dunedin did much for the prosperity and commerce of the Otago region
- Many Scots emigrated to New Zealand because they had heard about the gold there, this made city populations rise. Dunedin’s population in 1857 was 890, in 1859 it was over 2000, and after the 1863 gold rush it was over 16000 people.
- The NZ Education system was based on the 1872 Scottish Education Act which made education compulsory for those aged 5-13
- Some Scottish emigrants founded their own schools in NZ, for example Learmonth Dalrymple campaigned for New Zealand’s first Girls’ public high school
- There are many Scottish place names in New Zealand, for example on the South Island there is a Dunedin, a Hamilton, a Napier and an Oban.
- Robert Stout from Shetland was NZ’s 13th prime minister, Peter Fraser was its 26th prime minister who helped to found the Labour Party in 1916
-Scots helped NZ to be the first country to give women suffrage in 1893, Learmonth Dalrymple campaigned for this xoxo - there was land conflict between Scots and the native Maori people, who traditionally only gave up or gained land if a battle was lost or won. The conflict was the highest where the most Scots were, such as Otago. The treaty of Waitangi was passed to protect Maori land and rights
- Scots helped further scientific research in New Zealand, for example they openeda medical school in Otago and founded the Geological Survey of New Zealand
25
Learmonth Dalrymple
- campaigned for NZ's first girls' public high school
- campaigned for cotes for women
26
Robert Stout
NZ's 13th prime minister
27
Peter Fraser
MZ's 26th PM, helped found Labour Party in 1916
28
Were Scots Successful in the empire? (yes) (6)
- Immigrants such as Andrew Fisher became important political figures in the empire
- Dr John Hutchinson studied medicine in Scotland and became Canada's first doctor
- Andrew Carnegie became one of the world's richest men after making a steel company in the USA
- Most Scots spoke English which gave them an advantage in places such as Canada and the USA when it came to employment
- Scots often had high numeracy and literacy rates, making them very employable
- Scots were seen as hard working, one Mayor in an Australian town said: "Give us the whole population of Glasgow"
29
Dr John Hutchinson
Peterborough's (Canada) first doctor
30
Were Scots Successful in the empire? (no) (7)
- Scots' letters home often detailed loneliness and unemployment
- By 1900, 1/3 of all Scottish emigrants had returned home at some point
- In 1893, there was an Australian baking crisis which led to many businesses becoming bankrupt and closing- leading to unemployment
- Many Scots spoke Gaelic which isolated them from other British emigrants
- Battles over land between native peoples and Scots generally ended in many deaths on both sides
- Scots missionaries tried to convert India to Christianity, but from the 1810s-1860s, only 3359 Indians had been successfully converted.
- Scottish people often found it hard to adapt to the harsh conditions in new countries, struggling to farm and hunt.
31
Push factors to leave Ireland (4)
- No industrialisation, therefore no jobs in industries such as shipbuilding, mining, factories etc
- Ireland was overpopulated, the population doubled thanks to improvements to land and housing
- 1million people died as potato crops died in the 1840s
- Protestant Irish landlords discriminated against tenant farmers
32
Pull factors for Irish people to come to Scotland (7)
- Wages were 6x higher in Scotland than they were in Ireland
- Young men were attracted to Scotland because they could work as travelling 'Navvies' building railways and canals
- There were more varieties of jobs available in Scotland due to the industrial revolution (eg. shipbuilding in the Clyde)
- Priests would write letters from Irish Immigrants back home which often encouraged more people to move to Scotland
- Passage from Ireland to Greenock was only ~30p, and was a relatively quick journey
- In the summer of 1841, 57,651 Irish people moved to Britain for the harvest
- From 1841-1851, the Irish population in Scotland grew by 90%
33
Irish Settlement Patterns
- The industrial West (mining towns) Glasgow, Coatbridge, Airdrie
- Dundee (jute factories)
34
Experience of Irish People in Scotland (8)
- Often had extremely poor living (slums, the Gorbals) (diseases such as Typhoid, Typhus and Cholera from contaminated water and food) and working conditions
- Usually worked in whatever job they could. in 1851, 1/2-3/4 of dock workers were Irish and 2/3 of miners were Irish. 44% of female textile workers in Greenock in 1851 were Irish. Rarely went into skilled work due to poor education standards in Ireland. Irish navvies would travel around the country and build railways etc.
- Catholic Irish people were discriminated against by Protestant Scots, for example the Orange Order which was founded in Ulster in 1795 and had 3 large branches in the Clyde. John Brown employed Protestants but not Catholics.
- The Church of Scotland described Catholic Irish people as a menace. and they were seen as causing drunkenness and crime.
- Irish set up football clubs, for example 1875 Hibernian Football Club and Celtic FC
- Irish people helped to build railways, canals, harbours and bridges in Scotland, contributing to the Scottish economy
- Scots felt that their wages were being pulled down by the cheap wages Irish people were willing to work for and this caused them to have to live in slums
- They introduced sports such as Gaelic football and Irish dancing to Scotland
- They gave us famous people for example Sean Connery, Gerad Butler, Arthur Conan Doyle and Billy Connoly.
35
Reasons for Italian Immigration
- Drought in Italy caused farmers to leave for work
- Drought led to famine and poverty which caused people to leave
- Taxes in Italy were very high, causing poverty
36
Italian Patterns of Settlement
- Mostly Glasgow (Partick)
- Edinburgh (Grassmarket)
- Dundee
- Coastal areas (Largs, Ayr)
37
Where did Italian Immigrants work?
- Farmers often continued this in Scotland
- Italians often did factory work
- Many set up their own businesses such as ice cream parlours, cafes, and fish and chip shops. Salesmen were called 'hokey pokey men'. By 1905 there were 336 cafes in Glasgow. The cafes were loved by the temperance movement because they allowed alcohol-free socialisation- they also contributed to the Scottish economy. However, they opened on Sundays which protestant Scots were not happy about.
- In 1928, the College of Italian Hairdressers was opened
38
Italian living conditions
- Lived in poorer areas overall and dealt with poor sanitation and overcrowded conditions
- Moved to richer areas once they opened businesses
39
How did Italians hang onto their culture once in Scotland?
- Spoke Italian in Scotland
- Remained Catholic
- Groups such as the Casa D'Italia taught Italian to children and gave out loans for Italians to start businesses
40
Italian Integration with Scots?
- Scots and Italians got on until WW2 when Nazis allied with the Mussolini and Italians could be attacked and imprisoned for no reason (Interned)
41
Why did Jews come to Scotland?
- To escape discrimination and violent pogroms in eastern European countries such as Russia and Nazi Germany.
- Most wanted to go to the USA but were too poor to continue onwards from Scotland
42
Jewish Patterns of Settlement
- Mostly went to Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Dundee
- lived in poorer areas at first, such as the Gorbals, but after opening businesses they could move to richer areas such as Pollocksheils in Glasgow's West End
43
What jobs did Jewish Immigrants do?
- Tailoring at first
- started businesses such as bakeries, tobacco and alcohol companies, and after WW1, many went to university to become doctors and lawyers
- Jacob Kramrisch was the manager of the manager of the Imperial Tobacco Company in Glasgow
44
How did jews keep their identities?
- Built synagogues such as Garnethill in 1879.
- Bought burial grounds
- provided Jewish education
- Spoke Yiddish
45
How did Jews integrate with Scots?
- Less discriminated against than other groups because there were so few of them.
- Protestants did not like that Jews worked on Sundays
- Stereotyped as spreading cholera and being sweatshop owners
46
Why did Lithuanians come to Scotland?
- escaping Russification
- Oppressed by the Russian Orthodox Church
- avoiding conscription to the Russian Army
- In poverty due to high taxes by the Russian Government
- Most wanted to go to the USA
47
Lithuanian Patterns of Settlement?
- West Lothian, Ayrshire, North Ayrshire, Lanarkshire (mining communities)
48
What jobs did Lithuanians do?
- In rural areas in mines, steel works, smelting
- In cities they worked as tailors, hawkers, peddlers and in tobacco
- Conscripted to British or Russian armies
- farmers became farmers again sometimes.
49
What were Lithuanian living conditions like?
- Poor areas such as the Gorbals
- miners lives in small cottages with no indoor toilets
- shift workers would share a bed
50
How did Lithuanians integrate with Scots?
- Some changes their surnames to become more anglified, such as Bernotatis was changed to Brown
- Stereotyped as strike breakers by Scottish miners
- Involved with trade unions, eg. the Lanarkshire Miners' Union, which gained them respect
- stereotyped as drunks
- Intermarried with Scots and their children went to university
- Generally lived in close proximity as they spoke the same language and were all catholic
51
William Quarrier
- orphanages, sent kids to Canada
52
Jacob Kramrisch
was the jewish manager of the manager of the Imperial Tobacco Company in Glasgow
53
pull factors for internal migration
- white houses
- women could work in domestic service, by 1871 55% of all working women in Edinburgh were maids or cleaners
- New industries were emerging in the lowlands, for example steel, jute, mining, tobacco, and alcohol
- Lowland farming jobs were often 'in kind', meaning that a house and food was provided for the worker
- Families of Highlanders who had already moved to the lowlands would send letters home encouraging them to move, they could also help them find work and housing once they arrived in Scotland
- Life in the highlands could be boring and isolating, however in the cities there was a lot of entertainment, for example the first moving pictures film played in Glasgow in 1896.
- by 1865 there were 2200 miles of railway in Scotland, this made it easy and relatively quick to travel from the highlands to the Lowlands, and to be able to visit home if necessary.
- In the highlands children could have to walk miles and miles each day to get to school, but in urban areas schools were much closer to where people lived, so children became more educated and were able to go into skilled professions.
54
when was the red river rebellion in Canada
1869
55
impact of immigrants to Scotland on society (8)
- Immigrants helped to maintain and increase the Scottish population even with so many Scots emigrating
- Sometimes immigrants married Scots, 2/3 of Irish immigrants to Dundee were women so couldn't all marry Irish men and married Scottish men
- Immigration changed Scotland's religion because where before it had been mostly Protestant, there were now a lot of Catholic people in Scotland, so lots of Catholic Churches and some synagogues were built (Garnethill 1879)
- immigrant teachers and pupils could be discriminated against at school so Catholic schools were opened and after 1918 they were run by the government
- Many immigrants were very poor and so increased overcrowding in slum housing which made Scots resent them, some single ends had 15 people living in the same room
- due to poverty a lot of immigrants had diseases on arrival to Scotland, so Scots created stereotypes and accused Jews of spreading cholera
- Irish immigrants helped to set up the Labour Party in Scotland- John Wheatly was an Irish MP. Irish immigrants liked the Labour Party as they would grant Ireland home rule.
- Lithuanians were involved in Trade Unions for example the Lanarkshire Miners Union
56
Impact of Immigrants to Scotland on culture
- Italians introduced new food into Scotland, for example ice cream and fish and chips
- Scots liked Italian cafes because they did not serve alcohol, however they opened on Sundays which protestants did not appreciate
- Jews impacted fashion by introducing piece work which allowed suits to be provided at a cheaper price.
- Italians were involved in hairdressing, the College of Italian Hairdressing was formed in 1928
- Irish immigrants set up football clubs such as Celtic and Hibernian, these are still prolific in modern day culture
- Immigration impacted surnames in Scotland with Italian immigrants bringing the surname Capaldi (12th Doctor aye), but Lithuanians often anglified their names to fit in more
- New schools were built for catholics
- catholic churches were constructed and also synagogues :p
57
(8) Impacts of immigrants to the Scottish Economy
- irish immigrants (women and children) often worked as textile workers in places like Dundee
- Irish navvies were essential in constructing transport links (rail, road, canal, Glasgow subway) across Scotland
- Lithuanian Immigrants often worked in mines and steel plants in places like Lanarkshire
- Immigrants often accepted lower wages than Scots and Scots accused them of bringing down their wages, Irish and Lithuanians were often seen as strike breakers
- some Scots argued that immigrants were necessary otherwise there weren't enough workers, and actively employed Italians and Lithuanians
- Irish and Lithuanian immigrants often became involved in trade unions (Lanarkshire miner's union) and helped increase pay and working conditions for everyone in Scotland
- Italians often opened cafes, for example Nardini's in Glasgow
- Jews were often involved in tobacco and alcohol businesses and Jacob Kramrisch was a Jewish manager of the Imperial Tobacco Company in Glasgow
58
7 Impacts of the Empire on Scotland
- new industries emerged such as jute from India being processed in mills in Dundee, this provided a lot of jobs especially for women and children
- locomotives such as train engines manufactured in Glasgow would be sent to India, Canada, and New Zealand
- Banks in Scotland loaned money to companies to let them open businesses in the empire and the banks profited tremendously
- many Scots left in order to make a life for themself in the empire, this reduced the population of the highlands. At the same time many people came into Scotland
- people who left Scotland could reinvest their money back into Scotland. For example Andrew Carnegie built libraries (municipal projects) and money made in India was used to build the Dr Gray's Hospital in Elgin
- Many Scots became a part of the military and were sent to the far reaches of the empire to protect Britain and the British Empire, eg Sir Colin Campbell in the first war of Indian independence from 1857-1859
- Words such as pyjamas and bungalow were taken from Indian languages
- and a lot of the immigrants ones count too so just yap bbg
