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Crime And Punishment > Whitechapel > Flashcards

Whitechapel Flashcards

1
Q

Housing in Whitechapel

A
  • rookeries

- lodging houses - doss houses

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2
Q

What were rookeries

A
  • an area filled with lodging houses
  • overcrowded + unhygienic
  • shared toilets + many families in one room
  • poor could only afford to spend one or two nights at a time
    Eg, Flower and Dean street/ Peabody estate
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3
Q

Flower and dean street

A
  • well known rookery - near ten bells pub = drunk men
  • 900 lodgers staying in 30 doss houses - 1870
  • buckets + pots used as indoor toilets
  • had a terrible reputation - thieves + drunks + prostitutes
  • some lodgings worked in an 8 hour shift - rent a bed for 8 hours - three shifts in a day- unsanitary
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4
Q

Whitechapel population

A
  • 188 people living in 1 acre

- across London - average was 45

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5
Q

Whitechapel workhouse

A
  • can’t afford lodgings - workhouse
  • people were reluctant because of very strict rules - what you ate, what time you woke up, how they worked
  • families segregated - parents allowed to see child once a day
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6
Q

Whitechapel casual ward

A
  • take about 60 people
  • for people who only wanted a bed for one night
  • very harsh rules - work to earn their bed
  • made to pick Oakum + work in kitchen + clean the workhouse
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7
Q

Peabody estate

A
  • rookery
  • Annual death rate in 1870 was 50/1000
  • small/ crowded houses

Attempts to improve -
- 1876 - met bought area for slum clearance but couldn’t find commercial developers to build on it
- 1879 - sold this to the Peabody trust - a charity
- built new affordable flats each surrounded by a yard to improve ventilation
- built from brick + had unplastered walls so lice couldn’t live
BUT… rents too high + displace the locals - caused more overcrowding elsewhere

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8
Q

When did Peabody trust buy the Peabody estate

A

1879

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9
Q

Annual death rate in Peabody estate

A

50/1000

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10
Q

How many spaces did the casual ward have

A

60

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11
Q

Overcrowding in flower and dean street

A

900 lodgers staying in 30 doss houses - 1870

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12
Q

Work in Whitechapel

A
  • most people worked in small, dark + overcrowded sweatshops
  • work as labourers in railway construction or London docks
  • work given on a day to day basis
  • people would line up at 4am on the docks just to get a job
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13
Q

What was the residuum

A

Some people thought there was a criminal underclass called residuum - natural criminals

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14
Q

Why did Whitechapel attract immigrants

A
  • jobs + cheap residence + for Irish and Jews already communities of similar backgrounds
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15
Q

When did a lot of Jews immigrate

A

After 1801, from Russia, as they were being prosecuted in Russia following assassination of last tsar

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16
Q

How many Jews came to England between 1881 + 1891

A

30,000 immigrants

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17
Q

Jews in Whitechapel

A
  • Often found it harder to integrate into society due to language Barriers + cultural differences
  • worked for Jewish employers - they were segregated + target for prejudice
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18
Q

Why were Irish targets of prejudice

A
  • Roman Catholic Religion
  • rise in ‘Fenian’ nationalism - they wanted independence from Britain
  • bombings + attempted assassinations in Ireland
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19
Q

What was anarchism

A

Revolutionary political idea which said that people would be better off without their government and without laws

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20
Q

Did Jews bring radical ideas like the government feared

A
  • some did - set up socialist organisations such as international workers educational club
  • strikes + demonstrations demanding better pay + working hours
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21
Q

Why were the authorities suspicious of the Jews

A
  • anarchism was developed in Russia + Jews immigrated from russia
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22
Q

Why did Whitechapel not have enough watchmen

A

Couldn’t afford it

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23
Q

Public attitudes top the met

A
  • many thought centralisation of a police force could be used to spy on + and limit their freedom
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24
Q

How did alcohol make policing in Whitechapel difficult

A
  • made people more vulnerable to becoming victims of crime - reduces inhibitions + effects judgment
  • can make small disputes much worse - make police work more difficult
  • increases domestic violence
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25
Q

Victim of alcohol vulnerability

A
  • John Watson
  • had fallen in with a couple of young woman
  • he was highly intoxicated
  • women were caught stealing his watch
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26
Q

Why did policemen check on pubs

A
  • in case of illegal gambling or illegal boxing
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27
Q

When was it illegal to serve alcohol to someone who is already drunk

A

1870

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28
Q

Examples of gangs

A

Bessarabian Tigers

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29
Q

What were protection rackets

A

Gangs demanded protection money from small businesses + those who didn’t pay had their property destroyed

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30
Q

Why was it difficult to prosecute gangs

A

Not enough evidence as people feared speaking out against them

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31
Q

Was prostitution a Crime

A

NO - but after 1885 keeping a brothel was illegal

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32
Q

When did keeping a brothel become illegal

A

1885

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33
Q

How many prostitutes were there in Whitechapel

A

By 1888, estimates 1200

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34
Q

Why did woman turn to prostition

A
  • necessity - lives had been ruined by alcohol - no income

- made them more vulnerable to crime BUT more likely to break the law under ‘being disorderly’

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35
Q

How did immigration make it harder to police Whitechapel

A
  • anti- Semitic attacks on Jews and clumsy attempts by Christian’s to convert them
  • recently arrived Jews unlikely to trust + ask police for help - only spoke Yiddish + feared the police from Russian persecutions
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36
Q

What language did the Jews typically speak

A

Yiddish

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37
Q

Factors that made policing in Whitechapel difficult

A
  • environment
  • gangs
  • prostitution
  • alcohol
  • immigration
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38
Q

How did the environment make it more difficult to police and

A
  • narrow streets + alleyways
  • lodging houses attracted people moving through Whitechapel and didn’t know community. Eg sailors
  • cheap accommodation attracted drunks + criminals
  • overcrowded + cramped
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39
Q

Who paid for the met

A

Local London authorities

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40
Q

Was was Henderson accused of

A
  • relaxing rules on police discipline
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41
Q

When was Edmund Henderson appointment commissioner

A

1870

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42
Q

When was Edmund Henderson forced to resign

A

1886

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43
Q

What did Henderson do

A
  • allowed policemen to grow beards
  • reduced amount if military drill service
  • took action to raise standard of reading and writing in the force
  • allowed prisoners to vote
  • set up a charity to look after widows + orphans
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44
Q

When and what was the trial of detectives

A

1877

- detectives took bribes from gang in return for protecting them as they stole thousands of francs from French gamblers

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45
Q

Case of Thomas titley

A
  • 1880
  • some thought police made him break law
  • they had posed in plain clothes wanting to buy chemical for an abortion
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46
Q

Reactions to titleys sentence

A
  • 3800 people signed a petition against his 18 month sentence
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47
Q

When did the fenians set off bombs

A

1884/5

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48
Q

Why was the fenian terrorist attack embarrassing

A
  • special Irish branch set up in 1883 failed to stop plot
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49
Q

When and who replaced Edmund Henderson

A

1886 - Charles warren

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50
Q

Who is Charles warren

A
  • adventurous
  • joined royal engineers at 17
  • tracked down the murders of an archeological team + arrested them
  • commissar from 1886 -1888
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51
Q

Who was the Home Secretary during warrens time

A

Henry Mathews

52
Q

Mathews and Warrens relationship

A

Mathew disliked warren and wanted to promote Munro instead

53
Q

Warrens approach to the met

A
  • increased military drill practise
  • tightened rules for recruitment
  • military discipline
54
Q

What was warren accused of

A
  • making the force into an army and being too harsh

- used too much force in controlling crowds in Trafalgar Square

55
Q

When and why did warren resign

A
  • 1888 + his reaction to public accusations of his forcefulness seemed like a critique to Mathews + had to resign
56
Q

What division was Whitechapel in

A

H- division

57
Q

Who were the divisions run by

A

Superintendent constable

58
Q

Who were new constables recruited by

A

By the headquarters of the met police - from 1890 was at Scotland yard

59
Q

Where were the headquarters for the met

A

From 1890 - Scotland yard

60
Q

Who were recruits

A
  • typically those who lived outside of London (I’m countryside) - seen as bigger + healthier
  • character important - good personal discipline + honesty
61
Q

Why was being a policeman attractive

A
  • offered a steady income in an age where work was temporary + low paid
  • senior positions would be given to long term serving policeman
  • after 1860 a pension was given after 30 years in the service
62
Q

How many years in the police did it take for you to receive a pension

A

30 years - ( attracted a lot of people)

63
Q

In 1885 how many inspectors/ sergeants/ constables were there in the H division

A

19 inspectors
44 sergeants
441 constables

64
Q

How many Whitechapel policeman were there in its peak

A

575 - 1 policeman for every 300 people

65
Q

Where was the main police station for H division

A

Leman street police station

66
Q

Why did warren face further criticism

A
  • late 1888s - Ripper began his murders+ appeared to run rings around police
67
Q

What was the court for the whole area of Whitechapel

A

Thames police court - crimes of forgery + assault + attempted drownings can be found

68
Q

Role of the constable

A

to prevent crime by being an obvious presence

69
Q

What was the beat constables uniform

A
  • woollen trousers + jacket = deep blue
  • shiny buttons
  • meant to stand out
  • stovepipe helmet before 1863 + custodian helmet after 1863
70
Q

What did the beat constables carry

A
  • truncheon - defence
  • handcuffs
  • oil - fired lamps -‘dark lantern’ - heat + light
71
Q

What was the first helmet of a police man

A

Stovepipe helmet

72
Q

When and why did they change the helmet

A

1863 - wasn’t protective enough changed it to custodian

73
Q

What was the new helmet called

A

Custodian - aimed to deflect a downward blow from the side

74
Q

What was the beat

A

A specific route the constable would have to patrol - expected to reach certain places at certain times

75
Q

What was the beat routine

A
  • during day - walked every 30 minutes
  • during night - walked every 15 minutes
  • each shift would last 9 hours
76
Q

How long did a beat shift last

A

8-9 hours

77
Q

What were beat constables expected to do

A
  • memorise route + know local businesses/ pubs / shops
  • know alleyways/ thin roads around area
  • check buildings at night
78
Q

what was a trick constables used during the beat

A

at night the constables would hold open a building door with a wedge, and when they returned to that spot after completing one round - if it had moved = crime

79
Q

When were policemen moved on to another beat

A

Changed every month to prevent corruption between officers + locals eg, giving them a cup of tea to bribe them

80
Q

Disadvantages of the beat

A
  • criminals would be able to work out the route fairly quickly + commit crime when police officer was on another part of the beat
  • constables sometimes walked beat backwards or alter their route slightly to be less predictable
81
Q

why was the CID initially ineffective

A
  • cases of mistaken identity - arrest of wrong person

- found guilty of taking bribes from gangs in return for protection - trial of the detectives

82
Q

Who lead the CID

A

Edward Howard Vincent

83
Q

How did Howard Vincent change the CID

A
  • centralised control

- increased detectives pay to attract best constables

84
Q

When was the CID set up

A

1877 following a scandal

85
Q

What was the detectives main job

A

To observe and gather information - plain clothed

86
Q

What did the detectives receive every day

A
  • a report from the chief inspector with a list of unsolved crimes and habitual criminals
87
Q

What were habitual criminals

A

Those who repeatedly committed crimes

88
Q

How did detectives gather evidence

A
  • starting to use photography
  • no reliable fingerprint methods
  • most common way was to gather descriptions + witness reports + casts of footprints + receive an anonymous tip
89
Q

When did the ripper murders start and finish

A

31st August - 9th November 1888

90
Q

How many women were murdered by the ripper

A

5

91
Q

What was the killer nicknames

A

Jack the Ripper

92
Q

What was special about the ripper murder

A
  • killed in a brutal way - open the bodies + taking organs
93
Q

Who was the first victim of the ripper

A

Mary Nichols - 31st august

  • she was found in bucks row
  • throat cut and intestines cut open
94
Q

Second victim of the ripper

A

Annie chapman - 8th September

  • found on steps near commercial street
  • strangled + throat was cut
  • intestines pulled out
95
Q

Third + fourth victim of the ripper - DOUBLE EVENT

A

Elizabeth stride + Catherine Eddowes - 30th September

  • stride found first at Dutfields yard
  • only throat was cut - perhaps interrupted
  • Eddowes body - Mitre square
  • body badly mutilated = cut at face + nose and ear taken
96
Q

Who was the last victim of the ripper

A

Mary Kelly - 9th November

  • takes place inside her room
  • parts of her body was cut completely out - terrible injuries
97
Q

What was common with all the girls

A

All prostitutes

98
Q

What are the rippers 5 victims known as

A

Canonical five

99
Q

Observations of ripper murders

A
  • never any blood at the front - cut from behind

- bruises on necks/ face - they were dead before cut open

100
Q

Importance of observations

A
  • police code stated that area of a crime should be kept clear
  • observations not always possible Nicolas - went in an ambulance first but chapman had a very detailed observations - number of blood splashes
101
Q

Photography

A

Photography- very limited - bodies pictured before and after a post-mortem - used more for identification

102
Q

Sketches

A
  • city of London police collected detailed drawings of Mitre square (Eddowes) + doctor made a sketch of her position + state before she was moved
103
Q

Why weren’t Identikit sketches used for ripper murders

A

Technique not used till 1890s

104
Q

What are coroners inquests

A
  • offices meetings in which the coroner decided if it was murder or natural death - newspapers reported them
105
Q

Temperature as an observation

A
  • body temp + discovered how quickly body lost heat

- new technique - used with Stride - still very warm - recently killed

106
Q

What did the autopsy of ripper victims show

A
  • left hand murderer

- surgical skill + detailed knowledge into the anatomy of the body to know where the organs are

107
Q

Interviews

A
  • visited houses + businesses
  • after double event - set up a full-scale search of lodging events
  • questioned over 2000 people + focused on butchers + slaughter men
  • printed out posters
108
Q

How many people did the Police question about the ripper

A

Over 2000

109
Q

Witness statements

A
  • unreliable - lies just to get involved or what they saw wasn’t accurate
    • Statements were written using ONLY their words + read back to them
  • errors crossed out with one line - still see original mistake
110
Q

How many policemen were temporarily transferred to Whitechapel for ripper murders

A

Approx 50

111
Q

List of ripper murders

A

Mary Nichols - 31st august
Annie Chapman - 8th September
Elizabeth Stride + Catherine Eddowes - 30th September
Mary Kelly - 9th November

112
Q

Identification techniques

A
  • witness statements
  • mug shits + facial measurements = not available to Whitechapel police
  • identity parades
  • criminal profiles
113
Q

Why were bloodhounds not used

A
  • Warren ordered use of bloodhounds from mr Edwin borough

- press mocked used of dogs - eventually police didn’t use them

114
Q

How did papers respond to ripper murders

A
  • hoaxes - sending in letters to the press pretending to be murders
  • full of criticism - police force were incapable
  • sensationalism - fierce competition between newspapers
115
Q

What was sensationalism

A
  • newspapers exaggerated/ made things up about Whitechapel murder to sell copies
  • added to list of victims to the 5 canonical victims
116
Q

Example of sensationalism

A
  • Annie chapmans rings had been taken off some newspapers claimed they were arranged at feet of body
117
Q

Example of a cartoon

A
  • pall mall gazette - critiqued warren for not capturing murderer
118
Q

What gave Jack the Ripper his name

A
  • one of the fake letters sent in to the newspapers
119
Q

What was Whitechapel vigilance committee

A
  • hired two detectives to investigate the killings
120
Q

Who set up Whitechapel vigilance committee

A

George Lusk - felt not enough was being done

121
Q

What did the committee do

A
  • hired detectives

- Published posters offering a small reward - after asking the government to offer an official award which they refused

122
Q

Why did the government refuse to introduce an award for catching the ripper

A
  • they thought it would create allegation made on suspicion

- people would completely lie + waste time + rescources of police

123
Q

When did Lusk receive his letter

A

16th October - containing human kidney

124
Q

What did Lusks letter contain

A

A human kidney

125
Q

Who was in charge of the Whitechapel investigation at Scotland Yard

A

Donal Swanson

Crime And Punishment (6 decks)

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