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Crime And Punishment > Modern Britain - 1900-present > Flashcards

Modern Britain - 1900-present Flashcards

1
Q

Had the levels of crime increased from 1900

A

Yes but not as drastically - more people are willing to report crimes eg, for insurance purposes + sexual crimes more reported - police more sympathetic then before

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2
Q

New crimes

A 
Car crime
Hate crimes
Terrorism 
Violent/sexual crime 
Computer crime
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3
Q

How many people were killed on roads in 1934

A

7343 - motorists did not need a licence

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4
Q

When did the government pass the hate crime law

A

2007

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5
Q

There has been a growth in..

A

Religiously motivated crime

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6
Q

What are hate crimes

A
  • vandalism
  • harassment/ assault
  • targeted as if race+sexual orientation + religion + disability
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7
Q

When were the suicide bombings in London

A

July 2005 - 56 killed

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8
Q

What is computer crime

A

Online theft or fraud

Internet made it easier to illegally copy music and films

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9
Q

What was introduced in the 1930s

A

Driving test + road tax + insurance

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10
Q

Why is smuggling harder to prevent

A

Better transport
Millions people travelling by air/sea/land
Large task for custom officials and border security

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11
Q

What legal items are smuggled

A

Alcohol and tobacco - smuggled in huge quantity every day

  • bought cheaper in large bulk - achieve economies of scale
  • sold to make a profit, cheaper then store-bought products
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12
Q

What illegal items are smuggled

A

Drugs - generate biggest profit

Become a multi-billion pound industry

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13
Q

How many tonnes of heroin are smuggled each year

A

18-23 tonnes

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14
Q

How many tonnes of cannabis is smuggled annually

A

At least 270 tonnes

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15
Q

Other types of smuggling

A
  • human trafficking/ smuggling
  • tough immigration controls and conflict has led to an increase in people smuggling
  • immigrants are usually exploited by criminal gangs once arrives
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16
Q

Where is heroin produces

A

Iran

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17
Q

Where is cannabis produced

A

Jamaica

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18
Q

Who are conscientious objectors (case study)

A

People who refuse to take part in war or conflict for moral reasons

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19
Q

How did the government gain soldiers at the start of WW1

A

Relied on volunteers - a massive recruitment drive was launched to encourage men

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20
Q

How many people initially signed up to fight in WW1

A

Over 1 million men

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21
Q

Why did the government introduce conscription

A
  • by 1916 war was dragging on and increase in death + casualties
  • a lack of volunteers
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22
Q

What was conscription

A
  • all single men between 18 + 41 were required to enlist

- a couple of months later this extended to married men

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23
Q

How many soldiers did conscription raise

A

Over 2.5 million more men

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24
Q

How many COs were there in WW1

A

16,000

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25
Q

How did the COs justify themselves

A
  • refused to fight on religious grounds
  • thou shall not kill - bible
  • some felt war was between ruling classes of Europe rather then ordinary people
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26
Q

What was the government response to COs in WW1

A
  • had to appear before a local tribunal to state case
  • often made up of retired soldiers - unsympathetic to their case
  • some COs were given alternative work supporting from home or non- fighting roles eg. Driving ambulances to the front line (equally as dangerous )
  • stripped the right to vote until 1926
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27
Q

How many people refused the decision of the Tribunal

A

Over 6000

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28
Q

What happened to those who refused the decision of the tribunal

A
  • refused to support the war in any way

- imprisoned - solitary confinement + hard labour

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29
Q

How many COs had died as a result of their treatment

A

73

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30
Q

After the war, what right were the COs stripped of

A

Right to vote until 1926

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31
Q

How many people registered as COs in ww2

A

60,000

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32
Q

How did the government respond to COs in WW2

A
  • treated more sympathetically
  • tribunals no longer allowed to have ex soldiers
  • a greater effort made to give alternative work eg. Farming/ munitions manufacturing industry
  • COs only sent to prison as a last resort
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33
Q

What were the published attitudes to COs in WW2

A
  • slow to change attitudes then government
  • continued to attack them through newspapers
  • sacked them from their jobs
  • openly accused of cowardice
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34
Q

Changes in law enforcement - specialisation

A
  • crime become more varied and complex
  • several highly trained specialist unite eg. Drug squads, cyber- crime unit
  • specialist fire arm units used when high level of threat
  • since 1947 - recruits had to undertaken 14 weeks of training at National Police Training College
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35
Q

How many weeks does police training last

A

Since 1947 - 14 weeks at National Police Training College

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36
Q

Impact of technology on police

A
  • 1901 = fingerprint evidence was first accepted in British courts + chemical analysis of blood samples + dna analysis
  • since 1874 - the police National computer collects databases - fingerprints + missing persons details
  • CCTV - prevent crime + identify convicts
  • ANPR - automatic number plate recognition - read registrations and identify vehicles of interest
  • since 1930s cars/ helicopters improved response speed - by 1970s replaced ‘beat’ - use bikes to improve community relationships
  • two way radios
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37
Q

When did fingerprints start being used

A

1901

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38
Q

When was the Police National Computer system made

A

1974

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39
Q

Weapons carried by police

A

Pepper spray
CS gas
Trained - tasers

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40
Q

Crime prevention

A
  • every force appoints crime prevention officers - CPO - advise locals on prevention/security eg, fitting locks + alarms
  • emphasises on catching young offenders early and encouraging them away from crime
  • neighbourhood watch 1982 - members of community report suspicious behaviour
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41
Q

When did the neighbourhood watch begin + when did it become a national network

A

Began = 1982

National network = 2007

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42
Q

How were police roles changing

A
  • deal with increasingly non-crime related incidents eg, anti-social behaviour + drunkenness + missing persons + mental health
  • keep control at demonstrations + football matches + large gatherings
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43
Q

When was the 999 number set up

A

1937

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44
Q

How many police officers are there

A

As of march 2015 - 126818 officers + 43 forces

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45
Q

When did female officers first appear

A

1920 - increases from 7% in 1977 to 28% in 2015

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46
Q

When was capital punishment abolished

A

1965

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47
Q

When was separate system abolished

A

1902

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48
Q

When did solitary confinement end

A

1922

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49
Q

Changes to prisons between 1900-1947

A

Had to have a ‘convict crop’ - shaved head
Visitors allowed
Diet improved
Teachers employed in prisoners - help fund work after release

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50
Q

When was the first open prison built

A

1933

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51
Q

What were open prison

A
  • rules more relaxed
  • prisoners allowed to leave grounds for work
  • idea was to prepare them for after release - back into a community
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52
Q

Why did prisons change 1900-1947

A
  • fear of crime decreased
  • government under no public pressure to make punishments harsh
  • idea that criminals inherited criminal habits declined, instead poverty + environment
  • reforming
53
Q

Changes to prisons after 1947

A
  • overcrowded and understaffed
54
Q

Why have prisoner numbers increased

A
  • average sentence increases - locked away for longer
  • increase chance of a prison sentence fir sexual, violent or drug related offences
  • the number of people on remand increased
55
Q

What does on remand mean

A

Awaiting trial

56
Q

When did prison overcrowding peak

A

1980s

57
Q

Why prisons overcrowded

A
  • reduced budgets + difficulty recruiting staff

- increase in number of serious assaults in prisons

58
Q

When was the peak amount of deaths in custody

A

2014

59
Q

What did Ofsted judge

A

Ofsted judge half prisons as inadequate or requiring improvement for learning and skills

60
Q

Disadvantages of prisons

A

High rates of recidivism - especially with young offenders
Younger prisoners learn from older prisoners
Very expensive - housed and fed + staff + compensate families
Does not deal with social/personal factors that led them to commit crime - return to environment after

61
Q

Non-custodial alternatives

A
  • Probation 1907
  • given longer to pay fines 1914
  • Parole 1967
  • suspended sentences introduced 1967
  • community service orders introduced 1972
  • electronic tagging introduced 1990s
62
Q

When was probation introduced

A

1907

63
Q

What was probation

A
  • offender had to report once a week to the police and meet regularly with a probation officer
  • if they didn’t reoffend - no further punishment
64
Q

When was birching abolished

A

1962

65
Q

What was birching

A

A punishment similar to caning

66
Q

When was parole introduced

A

1967

67
Q

What was parole

A

Prisoners didn’t have to complete sentence if they behaved well

68
Q

When was suspended offences introduced

A

1967

69
Q

What is suspended offences

A

If offenders didn’t re-offend they didn’t have to go to prison

70
Q

When was electronic tagging introduced

A

1990s

71
Q

What is electronic tagging

A

Offenders wear a tag which tracks their location

Courts and police can impose restrictions and set a curfew

72
Q

Case study on juvenile delinquents in Victorian era

A
  • 15 year old boy
  • was convicted of a minor crime and sent to Birmingham borough prison
  • placed in solitary confinement + expected to turn a crank 10000 times every 10 hours
  • he refused and was soaked in cold water
  • after two months he hanged himself in his cell
73
Q

When did the first Borstal open

A

1902

74
Q

What was a borstal

A

A type of prison set up for young offenders

Run like a strict boarding school - house completions + character building sport

75
Q

What was the usual sentence for borstals

A

6 months - 2 years

76
Q

When was the first approved school set up

A

1932 - for people under the age of 15

77
Q

Why were approved schools closed

A

1959 - rioting and children absconding (escaping) -public critics

78
Q

When were attendance Centers introduced

A

1948

79
Q

What were attendance centres

A

Non - custodial centres running compulsory daily or weekly
For offenders aged 10-21
They covered basic literacy + numeracy skills + life skills eg. Money management and CVs

80
Q

When were borstals abolished

A

1982

81
Q

Why were borstals abolished

A

60% released would reoffend

82
Q

When and who introduced youth detection centres

A

Government - youth detention centres

- used military drill - but didn’t work re-offending rates increased

83
Q

Treatment of young offenders today

A
  • youth courts - work with schools/ Probation officers to prevent a life of crime
  • parents can be fined for not keeping their child under control - can be removed and put into care
  • attendance Centers - last chance
  • custody last resort
84
Q

Where can offenders under the age of 18 be held today

A

In a Secure childrens home
In a Secure training centre
In a YOI

85
Q

Who is Derek Bentley

A

In 1953 - he was a 19 year old boy hanged for the murder of a policeman

86
Q

When was Bentley hanged

A

January 28th 1953

87
Q

What did Derek suffer from

A

Severe learning disabilities and epilepsy - therefore hard to get jobs and keep friends

88
Q

Story of derek Bentley

A
  • in November 1952 - cause burgling a London warehouse with friend Chris Craig
  • Craig carrying a gun and Derek was holding a sheath knife + knuckle duster
  • police caught them in the roof
  • fairfax arrested Bentley
  • fairfax asked Craig for the gun + Bentley screamed ‘let him have it’
  • detective sergeant fairfax climbed up and was shot by Craig in the shoulder
  • PC. Sidney Miles was immediately shot and killed
89
Q

When were Derek and Chris caught burgling

A

November 1952

90
Q

What were Derek and Chris holding

A

Derek - sheath knife + knuckle duster

Chris - gun

91
Q

Who was shot first and by who

A

Detective Sergeant Fairfax - by Craig in the shoulder

92
Q

What did Bentley allegedly shout

A

Let him have it Chris

93
Q

What were Derek and Chris charges for

A

Murder

94
Q

Why did Chris Craig not face death penalty

A

Under 18 - too young to be hanged

95
Q

Why was there controversy over Dereks trial

A
  • was it fair due to his low intelligence
96
Q

Who was found guilty

A

Derek Bentley

97
Q

What was Bentleys punishment

A

Death penalty - despite jury asking for mercy + his lawyers appeals were turned down

98
Q

Public reaction to Bentleys sentence

A
  • public outcry
  • two hundred MPs signed a memorandum asking Home Secretary, Sir David Maxwill Fyfe, to show mercy and cancel the execution
99
Q

Who was the Home Secretary at Bentley’s time

A

Sir David Maxwill Fyfe

100
Q

What did the MPs do in response to Bentleys sentence

A

200 signed a memorandum asking for his execution to be cancelled

101
Q

What was Sir David Maxwill Fyfe’s response

A
  • refused the memorandum
102
Q

What happened after Bentley was hanged

A
  • angry scenes outside prisons

- two people arrested for damage to property

103
Q

What did Dereks family campaign for after his execution

A
  • posthumous pardon
104
Q

Was the posthumous pardon granted

A

Yes - in 1988 the court of appeal ruled the conviction of murder to be set aside + said original ruling was unfair as judge put pressure on jury to convict

105
Q

How did Derek Bentley case impact views on death penalty

A
  • contributed to argument against penalty
  • many believe it was a miscarriage of justice
  • made the law look cruel
  • made people doing the morality of capital punishment
106
Q

When were public hangings abolished

A

1868

107
Q

Reasons for capital punishment

A
  • Deterrent
  • life in prison was expensive
  • murders released might kill again
  • avenge life of victim
108
Q

Reasons against death pentalty

A
  • other European countries abolished and decreased their crime rates
  • mistakes - wrong person be executed
  • sanctity of life
109
Q

How many executions were there a year after 1840

A

About 15 - numbers declined

110
Q

When did the government abolish hanging for all crimes, except a few

A

1957

111
Q

What were the exceptions for abolishing hanging set in 1957

A
  • murdering a police officer
  • murder by shooting or explosion
  • murder while resisting arrest
  • murder while carrying out theft
  • murder of more then 1 person
112
Q

What happened as a result of the abolishment in 1957

A

Executions fell to only 4 a year

113
Q

How did Second World War impact views on capital punishment

A
  • following horrors of holocaust
  • execution = unchristian and barbaric
  • associated with hitler Germany
114
Q

What did the UN issue after WW2

A
  • 1948
  • issued its Declaration of Human Rights - everyone has the right to life liberty and security + no one shall be subjected to torture
  • Britain signed this
115
Q

High profile cases of miscarriages of justice

A
  • Derek Bentley - hanged in 1950

- Tom evans - hanged in 1950

116
Q

When was capital punishment abolished for the second time

A
  • 1965

- for all crimes except treason in times of war

117
Q

When was capital punishment abolished completely

A
  • 1969
118
Q

Who was Timothy Evans

A
  • him + his wife were lodgers in the house of John Christie
  • Christie was a serial killer who had murdered several women
  • Evans wife became pregnant - Christie offered to perform an abortion
  • Christie killed the wife and claimed she died in failed abortion
  • Evans guilty + irrationally confessed to murder
  • Evan was obviously lying+ changed stories several times but was hanged anyway = 1950
  • Three years later, Christie was convicted of 8 murders = 1953
119
Q

When was John Christer convicted of murder

A

1953 - 8 murders including evans wife

120
Q

Who was the last women to be hanged

A

Ruth Ellis

121
Q

When was the last woman hanged

A

1956 - Ruth Ellis

122
Q

Why was Ruth Ellis hanged

A
  • found guilty of shooting her lover, David Blakey in a ‘crime of passion’
  • she was in an abusive relationship - controversy
  • public sympathy - glamorous + pretty
123
Q

When and what was criminal justice act

A

1925 - illegal to be found drunk in charge of a vehicle

124
Q

When and what was road safety act

A

1967 - set maximum legal drink drive limit - 80BAC

125
Q

When and what was computer misuse act

A

1990 - malicious attacks eg hacking

Ransoming date - up to 5 years in prison

126
Q

When and what was data protection act

A

2018- stops business misusing customer data

127
Q

When and what was race relations act

A

1968 - lots of immigrants from commonwealth countries - illegal to discriminate eg jobs

128
Q

When we’re protected characteristics established

A

2007

129
Q

Explain why nature of crime had changed in the 20th century

A
  • technology = cars + computers
  • conscious objectors
  • hate crime - 2007 race relations act + 1968 - immigration from commonwealth

Crime And Punishment (6 decks)

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