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Visceral Disorder and Lab Interpretation > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Forms the first line of defense of the body from invading microorganisms

A

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  • Lab tests for these are common
  • During infections and inflammation, changes in these directly or indirectly reflect the patients condition
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2
Q

White blood cells are distinguished from RBC’s by the presence of a ________

-What are the two main groups of WBCs?

A

Nucleus

1) Granulocytes = Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
2) Agranulocytes = Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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3
Q

Process by which WBC differentiation and prolifation occurs.

-Most take place in the bone marrow, except lymphocytes which take place in the bone marrow and in __________

A

Leukopoiesis

-Thymus

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4
Q

T/F It takes 14 days from blast stafe to release of the mature granulocyte into peripheral blood

A

True

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5
Q

__Function to combat pyogenic infection

__Function to fight allergies and parastic infections

__Function is to fight hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic infections

__Function to fight viral infections

__Functions to help neutrophils

a) Monocytes
b) Basophils
c) Neutrophils
d) Eosinophils
e) Lymphocytes

A

c) Neutrophils = pyogenic infections
d) Eosinophils = allergies and parastic infections
b) Basophils = hypersensitivity and parastici infections
e) Lymphocytes = viral infections
a) Monocytes = help neutrophils

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6
Q

T/F Leukocytosis is a decrease in total WBCs

A

FALSE

  • Leukocytosis = increase WBC
  • Leukopenia = decrease WBC
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7
Q

Neutrophilic leukocytosis a.k.a. ____________

A

Neutrophilia

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8
Q

Monocytic leukocytosis a.k.a. ______

A

Monocytosis

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9
Q

Leukocytosis >10,000 usually indicates what

A
  • Infection
  • Inflammation
  • Leukemoid reactions
  • Leukemia
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10
Q

Occurs when WBC falls below 5,000. What are some causes?

A

Leukopenia

  • Viral infections
  • Overwhelming bacterial infections
  • Bone marrow disorders
  • Antibiotics
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11
Q

WBC counts of __________ indicates infection/inflammation, the body is responding to something with an increase in WBCs.

A

10,000-18,000

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12
Q

Fever with high white count usually indicates __________

A

Bacterial infection

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13
Q

Low to moderate fever with decrease in WBC’s is usually a _________

A

Viral infection

-Antibiotics do the same

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14
Q

Patient presents with RUQ pain, accentuated with fatty foods, etc, indicating gall bladder inflammation. WBC count of 13,000 suggests ___________

A

Bacterial cholecystitis

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15
Q

Patient presents with sore throat, pus pockets in the tonsillar crypts with a white count of 14,500 likely has a ________ and might be

A

Bacterial pharyngitis

Streptococcal infection

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16
Q

4 causes of an increased RPI

A

BPTE

  • Blood
  • Pus
  • Tumor
  • Edema
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17
Q

Patient presents with RLQ pain, fever, pain over McBurney’s point, rebound tenderness, etc. White count of 17,000 likely has ________

A

Appendicitis

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18
Q

Patient presents with difficulty breathing, brown rusty sputum, rales/crackles and increased fremitus/vocal vibrations, etc. with a 14,000 white count. Suggestive of ___________

A

Bacterial pneumonia

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19
Q

25,000 white count with abdominal signs and symptoms with muscle guarding, hurts so bad can’t straighten up indicates a _________

A

Hot Abdomen (Acute)

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20
Q

T/F Viral infections are generally worse than bacterial infections

A

FALSE

  • Bacterial are worse than viral (generally)
  • Look at Differentials to help determine what the body is reacting to
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21
Q

Patient presents with difficulty breathing, chest pain, opacification in lung fields with a white count of 3,800, consider a ___________

A

Viral pneumonia

22
Q

Patient presents with sore throat and a white count of 4,200 think _________

A

Viral pharyngitis

23
Q

For the white count differential, the lab tech will smear the blood and count ______ to arrive at the differential

A

100 cells

24
Q

White blood cells differential (in order)

A
  • Neutrophils = 50-70%
  • Lymphocytes = 20-40%
  • Monocytes = 2-10%
  • Eosinophils = 3-6%
  • Basophils = 0-1%
  • Bands = 0-6%

Everything else is zero

“Never Let My Engine Blow”

25
Q

T/F Leukopenia is typically seen with viral infections

A

True

-Leukopenia = low WBC ( <5,000)

26
Q

Mimics CML. Bone marrow negative, Philadelphia chromosome negative. Shift to the left is observed

A

Leukemoid Reaction

-<50,000 WBC

>50,000 = Leukemia more likely

27
Q

Indicates more immature cells increases in metamyelocytes, myelocytes, promyelocytes, blasts and bands

A

Left Shift

a.k.a. Schilling Shift a.k.a. “Shift to the Left”

28
Q

T/F Segs belong to Eosinophils unless otherwise indicated

A

FALSE

Segs below to neutrophils

29
Q

Cells form the first line of defense for phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

-Segemented cells a.k.a. Segs

30
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils are seen with what types of anemia?

A

Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

31
Q
  • WBC = 16
  • Segs = 78 (H)
  • Bands = 10 (H)
  • Lymphs = 12 (L)

What does the lab show?

A
  • 16 WBC = Leukocytosis in reaction to infection/inflammation
  • 78 segs = Neutrophilia likely in response to a bacterial infection/inflammation
  • 10 bands = Shift to the left
  • 12 lymphs = Lymphopenia seen in bactertial infections
32
Q

Lymphocytes are important for ______ recognition and _____ response. Precursor cells mature in bone marrow then migrate to extramedullary sites

A

Antigen recognition

Immune response

-Also produces antibodies

33
Q

T-lymphocytes migrate to the ______ to proliferate T helper and T suppressor cells then migrate to lymphoid tissue and represent the majority of lymphoid cells

A

Thymus

34
Q

Final maturation of B lymphocytes is the __________

A

Plasma cell

35
Q

B-lymphocytes are part of _______ immunity and antibody production in response to antigen

A

Humoral immunity

36
Q

T-Lymphocytes part of _______ immunity, tumor suppression, protect from intracellular organisms

A

Cellular immunity

37
Q

Increase in lymphocytes (___________) is usually due to _____ infections

A

Lymphophilia

-Viral infections (and some chronic bacterial infections)

38
Q

Seen in viral infections, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemoid reaction in kids under 9 years old.

A

Inverted Ration (More Lymphs over segs)

39
Q

Lymphopenia is seen in AIDS, Hodgkins and __________

A

Bacterial infection (most common)

40
Q

Atypical lymphocytes a.k.a. reactive lymphs, Downey cells, virocytes represent nonfunctional cells seen with viruses like ___________

A

Classic Mononucleosis

41
Q

Normal WBC count with an increased percentage of lymphocytes due to viral infections such as rubella, varicella, and mumps

A

Relative lymphocytosis

  • Absolute = elevated WBC with an increase in lymphocyte count due to viruses
  • Atypical = T lymphocyte in a state of immune activation (mono) “nonfunctional”
42
Q

Infection due to Epstein-Barr Virus. Adolescents and young adulrs.

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

43
Q

T/F Early in infection (1st few days) WBCs are reduced like a virus then leukocytes are increased and most are lymphocytes (increased atypical lymphocytes)

A

True

44
Q
  • WBC = 4.8
  • Segs = 30 (L)
  • Lymphs = 50 (H)
  • Mono = 2
  • Eosin = 2 (L)
  • Atypical Lymph = 16

What does lab work show?

A
  • 4.8 WBC = Viral infection (probably)
  • 30 neutrophils = Neutropenia
  • 50 lymphs = Lymphocytosis (inverted ratio)
  • 16 atypicals = Viral infections (classic with mono)
  • Suggestive of Early Mono

**virus infections can decrease, increase or have normal white counts**

45
Q
  • WBC = 14
  • Segs = 35 (L)
  • Lymphs = 55 (H)
  • Atypical = 10
  • What does the lab work show?
A
  • 14 WBC = leukocytosis
  • Inverted ratios are atypicals imply a viral infections

MONO:

  • First few days = WBC count looks like a virus
  • Next few weeks = WBC count looks like a bacterial infection
46
Q

Follow up/treatment for Kissing Disease

A

a. k.a. Mononucleosis
- Rest, fluids, and monitor abdomen for complications involving liver and spleen
- Perhaps do UA and blood work to check for liver complications

47
Q

With HIV/AIDS there is a marked decrease in ______ cells (# determined by the _____) allowing for _________ infections

A

T Helper Cells

  • CD4
  • Opportunistic
48
Q

When the CD4 count drops below ______ due to advanced HIV disease, a person is diagnosed with ________

A
  • < 200
  • AIDS
49
Q

_______ tells us how well the immune system is functioning with AIDS while ________ tells us how rapidly the HIV is progressing

A

CD4 count = how well the immune system is functioning

Viral load = how rapidly HIV is progressing

50
Q

Yeast like fungal microorganism in people with AIDS

A

Pneumocysitis jirovecii/carinnii

51
Q
A

Visceral Disorder and Lab Interpretation (7 decks)

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