White Blood Cell Disorders

Question 1

Benign, exaggerated response to infection. Increased white count.

Answer 1

Leukemoid reaction

Question 2

Cell that increases due to leukemoid reaction in appendicitis

Answer 2

Neutrophil

Question 3

Cell that increases due to leukemoid reaction in Whooping Cough (Bordetella Pertussis)

Answer 3

Lymphocytes

Question 4

Cell that increases due to leukemoid reaction in cutaneous larva migrans

Answer 4

Eosinophils

Question 5

Immature bone marrow cells in peripheral blood. Can be due to fibrosis, metastatic breast cancer, sepsis, growth factor.

Answer 5

Leukoerythroblastic Reaction

Question 6

Condition where a certain white cell increases to more than 7000 due to infection, inflammation with necrosis, and drugs. Results in increased production of the cell and decreased margination.

Answer 6

Neutrophilia

Question 7

Condition where a certain white cell decreases due to less than 1500. Can occur due to chemotherapy, aplastic anemia, immune destruction, septic shock. Results in decreased production of the cell and increased margination (destruction).

Answer 7

Neutropenia

Question 8

Condition where a certain white cell increases to more than 700. Can occur due to type I sensitivity, invasive helminths, hypocortisolism, neoplasms. Results in increased production (induced by interleukins) and increased tissue recruitment. Cell has a bilobed nucleus.

Answer 8

Eosinophilia

Question 9

Condition where a certain white cell increases to more than 200. Usually from Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Can also be from other myeloproliferative neoplasms and and chronic kidney disease.

Answer 9

Basophilia

Question 10

Proliferation of neoplastic cells, primarily in bone marrow and peripheral blood.

Answer 10

Leukemia

Question 11

Proliferation of neoplastic cells, primarily in lymph nodes and extramedullary lymphoid tissue.

Answer 11

Lymphoma

Question 12

Disease class causing hypercellular bone marrow with effective hematopoesis-cytoses and cell proliferation

Answer 12

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN)

Question 13

Disease class causing hypercellular bone marrow with ineffective hematopoesis-cytopenias, cell death.

Answer 13

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Question 14

Myeloproliferative Neoplasm. BCR-ABL positive. Philadelphia chromosome. Immature myeloid cells. 40-60 years. Hepatosplenomegaly, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, anorexia. Leukocytosis, basophilia.

Answer 14

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Question 15

Rough way to calculate normal bone marrow cellularity

Answer 15

100-age

Question 16

Has chronic phase (3 years), accelerated phase (1 year) and blast phase (acute leukemia). Treat with TKI (-tinibs). (BCR-ABL positive).

Answer 16

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Question 17

Increase in RBCs, granulocytes, platelets. JAK2 mutation.. Splenomegaly, hyperviscosity, gout, increased histamine. Increased RBC mass, decreased EPO, normal oxygen saturation, increased plasma volume. Most patients die of thrombotic events, can develop MDS or AML.

Answer 17

Polycythemia Vera

Question 18

Rapid development of bone marrow fibrosis, extramedullary hematopoiesis. Teardrop cells. Leukoerythroblastic reaction. Splenomegaly, clusters of atypical megakaryocytes. Can have JAK2 mutation. Can progress to AML.

Answer 18

Primary Myelofibrosis

Question 19

Myeloproliferative Disease. Proliferation of megakaryocytes, platelet count of over 450,000. Atypical platelet morphology-giant hypogranular platelets. Can have JAK2 mutation. Treat with alkylating agents or similar drugs to lower platelet count.

Answer 19

Essential Thrombocythemia

Question 20

Hypercellular, dysplastic BM. Myeloblasts less than 20%. Elderly. Can progress to AML. Chromosomal abnormalities in 50% of cases (deletion of 5, 5q, 7, 7q). Ring sideroblasts. Treat with hypomethylating agents, allogenic stem cell transplant.

Answer 20

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Question 21

Greater than 20% blasts. Symptoms occur within weeks to months. Typically in adults. Large and uniform blasts, abundant cytoplasm, presence of Auer rods, myelodysplasia.

Answer 21

Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)

Question 22

t(15;17). Needs acute tx, DIC, responds to ATRA, mutliple auer rods, disrupts retinoic acid receptor.

Answer 22

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia- subset of AML

Question 23

AML with favorable prognosis (3)

Answer 23

t(8;21): AML1/ETO
inv(16): CBFbeta/MYH11
t(15;17): PML-RARalpha

Question 24

AML with unfavorable prognosis (1)

Answer 24

11q23 (MLL) rearrangements

Question 25

Proliferative dendritic cells or macrophages. CD1a, langerin positive. Birbeck granules (tennis racket appearance), BRAF mutations.

Answer 25

Langerhans cell Histiocytosis

Question 26

-Primary (genetic)=defects in perforin gene
-Secondary=From EBV, lymphomas
Very high ferritin, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, hemophagocytosis

Answer 26

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/hemophagocytic syndrome

Question 27

Inflammatory or infectious condition that produces many neutrophils with primary=non-specific (purple) granules.

Answer 27

Toxic Change