Where does the World Come From? Flashcards
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We are connected with our __________.
The ________ we inhabit plays a role in how we interact with it, including how we view the world in general.
We are connected with our environment.
The environment we inhabit plays a role in how we interact with it, including how we view the world in general.
[ Identification ]
From the Greek word mythos.
Stories that explain people’s cosmological and supernatural conditions.
Myth
[ Identification ]
It aims to explain the incomprehensible world we live in.
It teaches meaning. It also explains, empowers, stabilizes, and elevates the life of a believer from a mundane existence to one imbued with external meaning.
On the most basic level, it explains a phenomenon, tradition, place name, or geological formation.
Myth
[ Identification ]
It provides a role model for one’s individual journey through life.
Myth
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The _______ school of thought flourished in the ancient port city of _______ on the western coast of Asia Minor.
The Milesian school of thought flourished in the ancient port city of Miletus on the western coast of Asia Minor.
[ Identification ]
He was among the first thinkers of Milesian school of thought.
Thales
[ Identification ]
He concluded that everything came from water since the world floats and rests on water, and moisture is present and needed by almost every matter and organism.
Thales (624 - 546 BCE)
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Thales’ inquiry concerned mainly the nature of all things, ______, or the originating principle.
Thales’ inquiry concerned mainly the nature of all things, arche, or the originating principle.
[ Identification ]
He is Thales’ pupil who lived between 610 and 546 BCE.
He agreed with his teacher that there is some basic stuff where everything came from.
Anaximander
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__________ argued that water and all other definite things would come from a primary substance that is an indefinite or boundless realm, which he calls the __________.
Anaximander argued that water and all other definite things would come from a primary substance that is an indefinite or boundless realm, which he calls the Apeiron.
Who explained the idea of Anaximander’s philosophy about Apeiron?
“Everything has an origin or is an origin. The Apeiron has no origin. For then it would have a limit. Moreover, it is both unborn and immortal, being a kind of origin.”
Aristotle
[ Identification ]
The last of the Milesian thinkers who is said to have lived between 585 and 528 BCE.
Anaximenes
[ Identification ]
He believed that a wide variety of finite things cannot simply come from some stuff as limited as water. For him, the stuff has to be definite, but at the same time, unlimited and boundless.
He concluded that at one point, everything was air.
Anaximenes
[ Identification ]
He argued that all things consist of numbers since there is form, pattern, and harmony everywhere.
Pythagoras
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In the eastern region of Macedonia in Greece flourished the ______ school of thought.
In the eastern region of Macedonia in Greece flourished the Atomist school of thought.
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The Atomist school and its central ideas were founded by ________ and further elaborated by his disciple __________.
The Atomist school and its central ideas were founded by Leucippus and further elaborated by his disciple Democritus.
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__________ argued that the world is made of spaces and indivisible things called _______.
Democritus argued that the world is made of spaces and indivisible things called atoms.
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The conflicting ideas about the origin of the cosmos eventually lead to the emergence of a new breed of intellectuals in Athens during the 5th century BCE, the _________.
The conflicting ideas about the origin of the cosmos eventually lead to the emergence of a new breed of intellectuals in Athens during the 5th century BCE, the Sophists.
[ Identification ]
These thinkers argued that there is no such thing as absolute truth.
They believed that everything is relative to the person or to the culture that perceives it.
Sophists
What is the tradition called wherein the Sophists believed that everything is relative to the person or to the culture that perceives it?
Relativism
Who are the 3 main proponent of relativism? (P.G.T)
- Protagoras
- Gorgias
- Thrasymachus
[ Identification: Sophists’ Relativism ]
“Knowledge is limited to one’s perception.”
He argued that there is no standard for testing whether one person’s perception is right or wrong.
Protagoras
[ Identification: Sophists’ Relativism ]
“There is no truth at all.”
He asserted that nothing exists, that if anything exists, it is incomprehensible. But, whatever is comprehensible cannot be communicated.
Gorgias
[ Identification: Sophists’ Relativism ]
“Might is right.”
He explained that the ruling party always makes laws for their own interest, which defines that is right in a state.
Thrasymachus
[ True or False ]
The Sophists trained people to become skilled speakers to aid them during debates at public assemblies.
True
[ Identification ]
Born in 470 BCE, he was one of the Sophists’ greatest critics.
Socrates
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_______ argued that the most reliable way to attain such knowledge is through the practice of disciplined conversation, a method he called _________.
Socrates argued that the most reliable way to attain such knowledge is through the practice of disciplined conversation, a method he called dialectic.
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The practice of disciplined conversation acts as an ___________ _______.
The practice of disciplined conversation acts as an intellectual midwife.
[ Identification ]
Through the practice of discipline conversation or dialectic, people are forced to abandon their misdirected opinions.
This technique in dialectic is called…
Elenchus
[ Identification ]
Socrates argued that it is by rigorously defining a term that the mind can distinguish ____ objects of thought, namely, the ______ and the _______ or _______ innate to the particular.
Socrates argued that it is by rigorously defining a term that the mind can distinguish two objects of thought, namely, the particular and the general or universal innate to the particular.
[ Fill in the Blanks: The Socratic Dialectic ]
________: An impious act
_________ or _______: The concept of the impiety of which this act partakes so as to make an impious act.
Particular: An impious act
General or Universal: The concept of the impiety of which this act partakes so as to make an impious act.
[ Identification ]
He was born in Athens in 428 or 427 BCE.
He founded the Academy at Athens.
In his work, The Republic, he described what would later be called the Allegory of Cave and the Metaphor of the Divided Line.
Plato
[ Fill in the Blanks: Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line ]
According to ______, all of us are like _____ of the cave; we live our lives trusting our senses showing us things that perish.
______ is far beyond what we are accustomed to seeing it: it is only found _____ the cave.
According to Plato, all of us are like prisoners of the cave; we live our lives trusting our senses showing us things that perish.
Truth is far beyond what we are accustomed to seeing it: it is only found outside the cave.
[ True or False ]
One can interpret the cave as the world we live in, and only dying can we reach the truth in heaven, which lies outside the cave.
True
[ True or False ]
For Plato, truth lies in the World of Forms represented by the world inside the cave.
False
For Plato, truth lies in the World of Forms represented by the world outside the cave.
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The world inside the cave is a world of _______, which is the life we live today.
The _____ outside can only be completely seen with our souls because we cannot possibly escape this life with our bodies.
The world inside the cave is a world of illusions, which is the life we live today.
The Forms outside can only be completely seen with our souls because we cannot possibly escape this life with our bodies.
What are Plato’s stage of development of thoughts? (4) (I.B.T.PI)
- Imagining
- Belief
- Thinking
- Perfect Intelligence
[ Identification ]
He was born in 384 and founded his own school called Lyceum.
Aristotle
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For ______, things never simply exist.
He agreed with Plato that certain universals or essences are common among specific things, such as _______, _________, and _________.
He argued that these are not separate from things; rather, they have always been in them.
For Aristotle, things never simply exist.
He agreed with Plato that certain universals or essences are common among specific things, such as humanness, triangularity, and tableness.
He argued that these are not separate from things; rather, they have always been in them.
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For Aristotle, each thing has a _______ or what it is made of and a ______, its ______, or what it is made into.
For Aristotle, each thing has a matter or what it is made of and a form, its essence, or what it is made into.
[ True or False ]
Aristotle concluded that matter and form are sometimes united in each thing, and their unity is what makes things change or transform into different things.
False
Aristotle concluded that matter and form are always united in each thing, and their unity is what makes things change or transform into different things.
What are the 4 causes for a thing to undergo the process of change, according to Aristotle? (F.M.E.F)
- The Formal Cause
- The Material Cause
- The Efficient Cause
- The Final Cause
[ Identification: Four Causes ]
“What is it?”
Example: It is a statue
The Formal Cause
[ Identification: Four Causes ]
“What is it made of?”
Example: It is made of marble
The Material Cause
[ Identification: Four Causes ]
“By what is it made?”
Example: It is made by a sculptor
The Efficient Cause
[ Identification: Four Causes ]
“For what end is it made?”
Example: It is for decoration
The Final Cause
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Aristotle explained that things caused by _______ do not change because there is a reason for them; rather, they have “____,” i.e., natural or “built-in” ways of behaving to undergo change.
Aristotle called this inherent purpose of end of a certain thing or creature as _______.
Aristotle explained that things caused by nature do not change because there is a reason for them; rather, they have “ends,” i.e., natural or “built-in” ways of behaving to undergo change.
Aristotle called this inherent purpose of end of a certain thing or creature as telos.
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Aristotle distinguishes _______ and _______.
For him, everything has the _____ to become ______.
Aristotle distinguishes potentiality and actuality.
For him, everything has the potential to become actual.
[ True or False ]
A thing can change if there is no prior explanation or cause for it.
False
A thing cannot change if there is no prior explanation or cause for it.
[ True or False ]
With matter and form as one, each things has an innate power to become what its form has set as its end.
True
