Where Does Chemistry Come From

Question 0

After one second of the Big Bang, what happens?

Answer 0

The forces explode which leads to expansion and temperature decrease.

Question 1

What are the four main forces?

Answer 1

1. Gravity.
2. Electromagnetism.
3. Strong nuclear force.
4. Weak nuclear force.

Question 2

After the Big Bang, why is there less kinetic energy?

Answer 2

Because there is a decrease in temperature.

Question 3

After the Big Bang, what occurs after kinetic energy has decreased?

Answer 3

A proton and an electron can join each other together.

Question 4

What is the first element to ever be created?

Answer 4

Hydrogen.

Question 5

Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element in the Universe. By what percentage is normal matter composed of Hydrogen?

Answer 5

75%

Question 6

Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element in the Universe. What percentage of atoms are Hydrogen?

Answer 6

90%

Question 7

Helium is formed from four Hydrogen’s. Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

Answer 7

Exothermic.

Question 8

What happens to the energy produced from the formation of Helium?

Answer 8

The energy leads to an increase in temperature that fuels further reactions.

Question 9

What type of force is critical to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between protons?

Answer 9

Strong nuclear force.

Question 10

What is the second element to form?

Answer 10

Helium.

Question 11

Who proposed a mechanism for the synthesis of heavier atoms?

Answer 11

Sir Fred Hoyle.

Question 12

What three elements where thought to be made in stars by fusion of He atoms?

Answer 12

Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen.

Question 13

What three elements were the reaction intermediates for making heavier atoms?

Answer 13

Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen.

Question 14

Within a star, where is pressure and temperature the highest and why?

Answer 14

It is highest at the core because it is the most dense.

Question 15

Where in a star are atoms produced?

Answer 15

In the core.

Question 16

As heavier atoms are made, what increases within the star?

Answer 16

The density of the core.

Question 17

What happens to temperature and pressure as heavier atoms are made?

Answer 17

They both increase.

Question 18

What element causes the stars core to collapse?

Answer 18

Iron.

Question 19

Once Iron synthesis has been achieved, what type of explosion occurs?

Answer 19

A supernova explosion.

Question 20

What occurs as a consequence of a supernova explosion?

Answer 20

An extreme amount of energy is released and this initiates the synthesis of all the other chemical elements heavier than Iron.

Question 21

State the five stages of life and death of a star.

Answer 21

1. Matter particles left over from the big bang are brought together by gravity.
2. The large clouds collapse in on themselves until at 10 million degrees.
3. The Hydrogen fuses to make a star.
4. When Hydrogen runs out, the other elements are fused at increasingly higher temperatures until Iron is reached.
5. When Iron is reached, a supernova explosion occurs.

Question 22

Why is the Universe close to thermal death?

Answer 22

The Universe has cooled down to -222°C and so has lost most of its kinetic and thermal energy.