Whats In A Medicine Flashcards
What’s the formula of a carboxylic acid?
O
//
R — C
\
OHWhat’s the formulae of a phenol?
___
/ O \ — OH
\ ___ /
What is the formulae of an acid anhydride
R—C—O—C—R
|| ||
O O
What’s the formulae of an Ester?
O
||
R—C—O—R
What’s the formulae of an aldehyde
O
//
R—C
\
HWhat’s the formulae of an ether?
R—O—R
What’s the formulae of a ketone
R \ C=O / R
Is phenol acidic or alkaline?
Acidic (weak)
What don’t phenols react with?
Carbonate solutions (not a strong enough base)
What’s the result of a phenol test with neutral iron(III) chloride solution
Purple colouration
What do phenols react with to form an Ester?
Acid anhydrides
What do alcohols react with to form an ester?
Carboxylic acids with sulfuric acid or HCl
Or with an acid anhydride (forms an ester and carboxylic acid)
What can a primary alcohol be oxidised to?
Aldehyde and carboxylic acid
What is a primary alcohol?
OH bonded to a carbon bonded to one other carbon
How is a primary alcohol oxidised to an aldehyde
Acidified potassium dichromate
gently heated and distilled
How is a primary alcohol oxidised to a carboxylic acid?
Heated under reflux
Acidified potassium dichromate
What is a secondary alcohol?
Oh bonded to a carbon bonded to two other carbons
What is secondary alcohol oxidised to?
Ketone
How do you oxidise a secondary alcohol?
Heat under reflux
acidified potassium dichromate
Produces ketone
What is a tertiary alcohol?
Oh bonded to a carbon bonded to three other carbons
What can a tertiary alcohol be oxidised to?
Nothing
What is required for dehydration of an alcohol?
Heated Al2O3
Reflux with conc H2SO4
How do you make a haloalkane from an alcohol
A substitution reaction using a compound with a halide ion (eg. HCl)
What does refluxing do?
Makes sure you don’t lose volatile organic substances
What equipment is used in refluxing? (4)
Round bottom flask
Liebig condenser
Electric heating
anti bumping granules
What does distillation do?
Separates substances with different boiling points
What equipment is used in distillation? (3)
Thermometre
Condenser
Heat
What does redistillation do?
Purify volatile liquids
What does separation do?
Removes water soluble impurities from the product
What equipment is used in separation?
Separating funnel
How can you remove water from a product?
By drying it using an anhydrous salt (sodium sulfate)
Then filter to separate the drying agent
What is filtration used for?
To isolate solid organic products
What equipment is used in vacuum filtration?
Buchner Funnel
Sealed side arm flask
Vacuum line
How do you do recrystallisation?
Add minimum amount of hot solvent to impure solid
This gives a saturated solution
Leave solution to cool down slowly as crystals form
Remove crystals by filtration and wash with cold solvent
dry crystals
What is recrystallisation used for?
Purifying organic solids
What is important about the choice of solvent for recrystallisation?
Solid is soluble in hot solvent but not in cold solvent
What are two ways you can measure purity?
Melting point, Thin Layer chromatography
What oxidising agent do you use to oxidise alcohols?
Acidified Pottassium Dichromate
