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Chemistry > Elements Of Life > Flashcards

Elements Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of Lead Chloride, lead bromide, copper iodide, and lead iodide is yellow?

A

Lead iodide

The rest are white

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2
Q

What colour is copper carbonate?

A

Blue/Green

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3
Q

What colour is silver carbonate?

A

Yellow

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4
Q

What colour are most carbonate precipitates?

A

White

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5
Q

How do you get pure salt from a precipitation reaction?

A

1) wait for it to precipitate out
2) filter
3) wash
4) dry on filter paper

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6
Q

What do you need to make a soluble salt

A

Metal or insoluble base (metal hydroxide or oxide)

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7
Q

What does ‘spin pairing’ mean?

A

Electrons in orbitals ‘spin’ in opposite directions

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8
Q

What is the shape of a molecule with 2 electron pairs?

A

Linear

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9
Q

What is the shape and how many electrons can:

1) an S orbital hold?
2) a p orbital hold?
3) how many electrons can a D orbital hold?

A

1) sphere - 2 electrons
2) dumbbell - 6 electrons
3) 10 electrons

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10
Q

What are the shapes of a molecule with 3 electron pairs?

1) without a lone pair?
2) with a lone pair?

A

1) trigonal planar

2) bent

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11
Q

What are the shapes of a molecule with 4 electron pairs?

1) no lone pairs
2) 1 lone pair
3) 2 lone pairs

A

1) tetrahedral
2) trigonal pyramidal
3) bent

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12
Q

What shape would a molecule with 5 electron pairs have?

A

Trigonal bipyramidal

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13
Q

What shape would an electron with 6 electron pairs have?

A

Octahedral

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14
Q

Which metal ions precipitation starts white and redissolves to colourless?

A

Zinc(II) and aluminium(III)

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15
Q

How do group 2 elements produce metal hydroxides

A

1) react with water
Or
2) burn in oxygen to form metal oxide and then dissolve to form metal hydroxide

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16
Q

What group 2 type breaks down into CO2 and metal hydroxides?

A

Group 2 carbonates

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17
Q

What are the solubility trends of group 2

1) hydroxides
2) carbonates

A

1) less soluble down the group

2) more soluble down the group

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18
Q

What is the trend in thermal stability of group 2 carbonates?

A

More stable down the group

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19
Q

What reactions show that group 2 oxides are a base?

A

1) react with water to form hydroxides - very alkaline

2) neutralise acids

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20
Q

What do group 2 carbonates decompose to?

A

Group 2 oxide and CO2

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21
Q

What reaction makes salts?

A

Neutralisation reaction with an acid and a base

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22
Q

Which of a cation or anion is positive or negative?

A 
Cation = positive (cats)
Anion = negative
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23
Q

What is the formula of the ammonium cation?

A

NH4+

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24
Q

What is the formula of nitrate?

A

NO3-

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25
Q

What is OH- called

A

Hydroxide

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26
Q

What is the formula of a sulfate

A

SO4^2-

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27
Q

What colour is a silver ion in as a precipitate? Ag+

A

Brown

28
Q

What colour is a calcium ion (Ca^2+) as a precipitate?

A

White

29
Q

What metal ion is has a blue precipitate?

A

Copper

Cu^2+

30
Q

What metal ion has a green precipitate?

A

Iron (II)

Fe^3+

31
Q

What colour is a lead ion as a precipitate? Pb^2+

A

White

32
Q

What metal ion has a reddish brown precipitate?

A

Iron (III)

Fe^3+

33
Q

How do you test for a coloured precipitate of a metal ion?

A

Metal ion + hydroxide solution (NaOH)

Forms an insoluble metal hydroxide which has a coloured precipitate which can be used to identify metal ion

34
Q

What are the two ways to test for ammonium compounds?

A

1) damp red litmus paper to test for ammonia gas - paper will go blue if ammonia is present because it’s alkaline
2) Ammonium ions - add NaOH and gently heat ammonia gas is given off which can be tested with red litmus paper

35
Q

What is a test for hydroxides

A

Red piece of litmus paper into solution - OH- is alkaline so paper will go blue if present

36
Q

How do you test tor nitrates?

A

1) warm solution with NaOH and aluminium foil (aluminium to reduce nitrate ions to ammonium ions)
2) NH4+ reacts with OH- to form ammonia gas and water
3) test for ammonia with damp red litmus paper
4) if ammonia is present it contains nitrate ions

37
Q

What colour is a barium ion (Ba2+) in a flame test?

A

Apple green

38
Q

What does a blue green flame in a flame test mean?

A

Copper ions

Cu2+

39
Q

What does a crimson flame mean in a flame test?

A

Lithium (Li+)

40
Q

What colour is a potassium ion in a flame test?

A

Lilac

41
Q

What colour is a sodium ion in a flame test?

A

Orange-yellow

42
Q

What colour is a calcium ion in a flame test?

A

Brick red

43
Q

How do you test for sulfate ions?

A

Add dilute HCl followed by barium chloride solution (BaCl2)

If a white precipitate forms sulfate is present (precipitate is barium sulfate)

44
Q

What are the results of the test of halides with silver nitrate solution

A 
Chloride = white
Bromide = cream
Iodide = yellow
45
Q

What order should you do tests for to avoid false positives?

A

Carbonates —> sulfates —> halides

46
Q

How do you carry out a flame test?

A

1) dip a nichrome wire loop in conc HCl
2) dip loop in sample of compound
3) hold in clear blue flame
4) observe colour change

47
Q

What two solutions do you need to test to test for halides?

A

Dilute nitric acid (removes sulfate ions) and then silver nitrate solution

48
Q

How do you test for metal ions?

A

Add a few drops of NaOH to a solution of the compound to form an insoluble metal hydroxide

49
Q

What is the order of electromagnetic radiation? In increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength

A 
Radio waves
Micro waves
Infrared radiation
Visible light
Ultra Violet
Xrays
Gamma rays
50
Q

How do electrons move energy levels?

A

Absorb energy to move up energy levels
Release energy to move down
(Fixes amounts of energy)

51
Q

What does an absorption spectra look like?

A

Coloured background with black lines

Corresponding to the frequencies in order to change energy level

52
Q

What does an emission spectra look like?

A

Black background with coloured lines

53
Q

Equation for energy

A

E= hv

Energy (J) = h x frequency (Hz)

54
Q

Equation for wavelength

A

Wavelength (m) = c/frequency

55
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

How much energy does it release?

A

When two small nuclei combine under high pressure and temp (usually in stars)
Releases a lot of energy

56
Q

Why do lines on an absorption and emission spectra get closer together at higher frequencies?

A

Energy levels get closer together with increasing energy

57
Q

What salts are insoluble?

A 
Carbonates
Apart from Lithium Ammonium Potassium and Sodium (LAPS)
Or copper or silver
(Copper carbonate is blue-green
Silver carbonate is yellow)
58
Q

What salts are soluble?

A

Lithium Ammonium Pottasium Sodium (LAPS)
Nitrates
Most chlorides bromides and upsides (not leads or silver halides)
Most sulfate (not barium calcium or lead)

59
Q

How can you test for carbonates?

A

HCL + carbonate

Produces CO2 which turns lime water cloudy

60
Q

What is the formula of carbonate

A

CO3^2-

61
Q

What is the formula of hydrogen carbonate?

A

HCO3^2-

62
Q

What is the equation to calculate percentage yield?

A

Percentage yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100

63
Q

What is the ionic equation for a halide reaction with silver nitrate solution that produces a yellow precipitate?

A

Ag+ + I- —> AgI

64
Q

What is the ionic equation for a halide reaction with silver nitrate solution that produces a cream precipitate?

A

Ag+ + Br- —> AgBr

65
Q

What is the ionic equation for a halide reaction with silver nitrate solution that produces a white precipitate?

A

Ag+ + Cl- —> AgCl

66
Q

What is an ionic reaction?

A

A reaction which show how dissociated ions react

Chemistry (8 decks)

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