What Was The Impact On BSA of The Apartheid Laws 1948-1959?

Question 1

Sophiatown

Answer 1

Bsa built own homes
Musically famous- Jazz
Bulldozed and changed to Triamf (closed to city and for WSA)
Bsa residents of Sophiatown relocated to Soweto
Anc launch ‘we won’t move’ campaign
2000 police arrive unannounced to move residents
Galvanised anti apartheid movt

Question 2

Durban

Answer 2

Housed around 450,000 in 1951
1/3 Indian, African, white
Indians let out land to Africans; Africans attack Indians (exploitation)
1950s group areas to largely remove

Question 3

1954 Native Resettlement Act

Answer 3

Decided areas ‘appropriate’ for BSA

Question 4

District 6

Answer 4

Multi racial residential and business area
Group Areas enforced a little later, from 1966
Approx 60,000 people removed
Buildings bulldozed

Question 5

Control and regulation of space and pass laws

Answer 5

Separate public space- benches/ buses/ beaches (petty apartheid)
1953 Reservation of Sep Amenities Act- legal to provide sep facilities of unequal quality
Increase in convictions under pass laws
African urban population increase

Question 6

Influx control- focus on reducing African migration to cities

Answer 6

Wanted cities where whites protected from black labour, protest and crime

Question 7

1952 Native Abolition of Passes Act

Answer 7

Constantly stopped and searched
Ext to women in 1956
Every BSA carry a pass book

Question 8

1952 Urban Areas mAct

Answer 8

Africans who ‘had been born, worked for 10 years in a town or hired for 15 years had urban rights’

Question 9

Education acts

Answer 9

1954 Bantu Education Act

1959 Extension of Uni Education Act

Question 10

1951 consensus

Answer 10

24% of bsa record as illiterate in ‘51 census

Question 11

Bantu education act of 1954

Answer 11

African education under control of govt and extended apartheid to black schools
Ended relative independence of missionary schools
Govt funding of black schools becomes conditional on acceptance of a racially discriminatory curriculum administered by a new Dept of Bantu Ed
Most mission schools for Africans chose to close

Question 12

Extension of University Education Act

Answer 12

Prohibited BSA from attending white institutions of higher education
Established Sep unis and colleges
Black South African students isolated

Question 13

Why target education?

Answer 13

Believed inability of higher education- BSA have responsibility to encourage WSA superiority
Promote stereotypes in curricula- BSA should know ‘their place’
BSA would commit only to low level, manual labour

Question 14

PMs

Answer 14

Malan 1948-1954
Strijdom 1954-58
Verwoerd 1958-66

Question 15

Verwoerd

Answer 15

‘Architect of apartheid’
Minister of Native Affairs
Wants SA to be all white: idealist apartheid

Question 16

Second phase of apartheid

Answer 16

Promote Afrikaners in important jobs 
Broederbond promoted 
Britain has lesser influence 
Govt more willing to crush opposition 
More police force

Question 17

Creation of the bantustans

Answer 17

Key to vision of all white SA

Areas in which BSA would become self governing and eventually independent

Question 18

Tomlinson report

Answer 18

BSA areas should be increased in size to become ‘homeland’
Intends to eventually house all of BSA
Govt should spend money to improve farming and est industries in homelands

Question 19

Bantu Self Govt act 1959

Answer 19

8 self governing HLands created (later increase to 10)
Once BSA were divided into HLands- WSA now a majority
Each homeland for an ethnic group (2 for Xhosa)

Question 20

Impacts of the Tomlinson report and bantustans

Answer 20

Residents worked away from bantustans
Had to be divided into language groups- many didn’t speak native language
Huge townships in bantustans closest to white urban areas- dodge pass laws, live in illegal squatter camps, travel long distances

Question 21

‘Betterment’ and ‘rehabilitation’

Answer 21

Strategy to stop environmental degradation and allow Africans to intensify farming without destroying soil and degradation
Believed livestock was the main problem
Divide paddocks from pastures with barbed wire and move animals throughout the year to prevent over grazing

Question 22

Implementation of betterment

Answer 22

Had to create and control space: govt officials move families into compact villages- perhaps over a million forced to move into villages during 50s and 60s
Some Africans forced to sell livestock to reduce pasture pressure
Removal of villages and ruin of traditional lifestyles- resented
Culling of livestock severely unpopular

Question 23

Homelands description

Answer 23

Tiny and often divided- far from residents’ work
Rulers of bantustans drew large salaries
Tried to create a black middle class
Few jobs created for ordinary workers- incentives for WSA
symbols of an independent country
SA controlled foreign and defence policies
Meant dodging pass laws, living in squatter camps or travelling

Question 24

Govt dealing with resistance

Answer 24

Banned leaders from meetings 
Mass arrests 
Put leaders in exile 
No trials- arrests 
New legislation