What Was The Impact On BSA of The Apartheid Laws 1948-1959? Flashcards
Sophiatown
Bsa built own homes
Musically famous- Jazz
Bulldozed and changed to Triamf (closed to city and for WSA)
Bsa residents of Sophiatown relocated to Soweto
Anc launch ‘we won’t move’ campaign
2000 police arrive unannounced to move residents
Galvanised anti apartheid movt
Durban
Housed around 450,000 in 1951
1/3 Indian, African, white
Indians let out land to Africans; Africans attack Indians (exploitation)
1950s group areas to largely remove
1954 Native Resettlement Act
Decided areas ‘appropriate’ for BSA
District 6
Multi racial residential and business area
Group Areas enforced a little later, from 1966
Approx 60,000 people removed
Buildings bulldozed
Control and regulation of space and pass laws
Separate public space- benches/ buses/ beaches (petty apartheid)
1953 Reservation of Sep Amenities Act- legal to provide sep facilities of unequal quality
Increase in convictions under pass laws
African urban population increase
Influx control- focus on reducing African migration to cities
Wanted cities where whites protected from black labour, protest and crime
1952 Native Abolition of Passes Act
Constantly stopped and searched
Ext to women in 1956
Every BSA carry a pass book
1952 Urban Areas mAct
Africans who ‘had been born, worked for 10 years in a town or hired for 15 years had urban rights’
Education acts
1954 Bantu Education Act
1959 Extension of Uni Education Act
1951 consensus
24% of bsa record as illiterate in ‘51 census
Bantu education act of 1954
African education under control of govt and extended apartheid to black schools
Ended relative independence of missionary schools
Govt funding of black schools becomes conditional on acceptance of a racially discriminatory curriculum administered by a new Dept of Bantu Ed
Most mission schools for Africans chose to close
Extension of University Education Act
Prohibited BSA from attending white institutions of higher education
Established Sep unis and colleges
Black South African students isolated
Why target education?
Believed inability of higher education- BSA have responsibility to encourage WSA superiority
Promote stereotypes in curricula- BSA should know ‘their place’
BSA would commit only to low level, manual labour
PMs
Malan 1948-1954
Strijdom 1954-58
Verwoerd 1958-66
Verwoerd
‘Architect of apartheid’
Minister of Native Affairs
Wants SA to be all white: idealist apartheid
Second phase of apartheid
Promote Afrikaners in important jobs Broederbond promoted Britain has lesser influence Govt more willing to crush opposition More police force
Creation of the bantustans
Key to vision of all white SA
Areas in which BSA would become self governing and eventually independent
Tomlinson report
BSA areas should be increased in size to become ‘homeland’
Intends to eventually house all of BSA
Govt should spend money to improve farming and est industries in homelands
Bantu Self Govt act 1959
8 self governing HLands created (later increase to 10)
Once BSA were divided into HLands- WSA now a majority
Each homeland for an ethnic group (2 for Xhosa)
Impacts of the Tomlinson report and bantustans
Residents worked away from bantustans
Had to be divided into language groups- many didn’t speak native language
Huge townships in bantustans closest to white urban areas- dodge pass laws, live in illegal squatter camps, travel long distances
‘Betterment’ and ‘rehabilitation’
Strategy to stop environmental degradation and allow Africans to intensify farming without destroying soil and degradation
Believed livestock was the main problem
Divide paddocks from pastures with barbed wire and move animals throughout the year to prevent over grazing
Implementation of betterment
Had to create and control space: govt officials move families into compact villages- perhaps over a million forced to move into villages during 50s and 60s
Some Africans forced to sell livestock to reduce pasture pressure
Removal of villages and ruin of traditional lifestyles- resented
Culling of livestock severely unpopular
Homelands description
Tiny and often divided- far from residents’ work
Rulers of bantustans drew large salaries
Tried to create a black middle class
Few jobs created for ordinary workers- incentives for WSA
symbols of an independent country
SA controlled foreign and defence policies
Meant dodging pass laws, living in squatter camps or travelling
Govt dealing with resistance
Banned leaders from meetings Mass arrests Put leaders in exile No trials- arrests New legislation
