How Did Nationalism Grow And Develop? Flashcards
The liberal party
Had links to ANC
Rights for all
Personal freedom
The SAINC
South African Indian National Conference
Strong core resistance in India- Ghandi
Work in unison
The communist party
Decided 2 phase revolution 1) work with race activism 2) social revolution
Workers and intellectuals
Democratic rev would lead to social
The Defiance Campaign
Openly defy hostile gov’t
1000s of volunteers
Sat on white only benches (1 month imprisonment)
Defied curfew regulation and refused to carry pass
Why plead guilty?
Gain attention
Aware of crime
East London
Defiance campaign in June 1952
Local anc branch led by Gwentshe and Fazzie
Rallies: spoke of an overthrow of white domination
July 1952: first full month of defiance
Nov 1952: shootings at east bank meetings
Killing 2 whites and 7 African deaths and 18 seriously injured- very likely more
Result caused ANC to call off campaign nationally
Importance of East London
Most sustained example of ANC mobilisation
Few have heard of Gwentshe and Fazzie yet led campaign more successful than big cities, true potential of mass defiance and its dangers
Lost control of movt
1955 Freedom Charter
Formed Congress alliance, sent 50,000 volunteers
Extent of restrictions
Offered solutions
Galvanise people and everyday BSA
1952 Defiance Campaign
Initial mass, multi racial political mobilisation
Turning point to militancy
Non racial cooperation
Increased ANC memberships- 1000s participated
People willing to resist gov’t
1956 Women’s Anti Pass March Pretoria
Over 20,000 women, of all races
Defied stereotype of women as politically inept
Gained media attention
1955 Freedom Charter
Statement of essential principles
Referred to and spurred on other campaigns
Galvanised people of SA to stand up for freedom
Outlines of rights BSA lacked
Didn’t directly bring about change
1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott
Result of living imposed by Group Areas
Importance of the role of women
Boycotters could ride at old price of 4d
Economic and political victory national gov’t
BSA Boycotters were powerful
1960 protest of PAC
Called on people to leave passes at home and offers themselves for arrest
Non violent nature but turned (Sharpeville Massacre)
