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ANPH 202 > What To Focus On > Flashcards

What To Focus On Flashcards

1
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack

-like a stroke but you recover

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2
Q

Brain aneurysm (3)

A
  1. Berry: bulge on one side
  2. Fusiform: bulge on both sides (entire circumference)
  3. Dissecting: bulge and goes into vessel walls (bleeding) between the tunica intima and media
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3
Q

Mitral valve issues

A
  1. Stenosis: little valves can’t open or close properly (blood backs up into LA because it can’t get to LV, back up chain to lungs etc
    - pulmonary hypertension: too much blood in lungs
    - pulmonary edema: plasma spills into interstitial fluid in lungs
  2. Prolapse: lack of tension in LV systole causes blood to back flow to LA (weak/flappy valves: can’t seal properly)
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4
Q

Hemostatis

A
  • restrict/slow down blood flow
  • happens when bed ridden after surgery, not moving a lot
  • happens:
    • blood pools in superficial veins of lower extremities
    • incompetent valves (don’t open or close properly)
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5
Q

Ligation

A
  • to tie off

- stops blood from pooling in veins by tying them off

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6
Q

Blood clot

A
  • usually happens in femoral veins (deep vessels of legs)
  • thrombus: clot inside lumen of vessel
  • embolus: clot moving through blood stream, (blood clot, plaque, air, fat, amniotic fluid)
  • pulmonary embolism: when clot moves through the body and causes blockage in the heart
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7
Q

Rheumatic fever

A
  • not common because of antibiotics

- an infection in body that moves to the flaps/valves of the heart if not treated asap (mitral and aortic valves)

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8
Q

Stenosed and occluded

A

Stenosed: narrow
Occluded: blocked

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9
Q

AAA

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (bulging out the sides of the vessel)
-causes: atherosclerosis, infection, trauma, if more than 10cm there is trouble

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10
Q

What happens at or in coronary arteries if they are stenosed?

A
  • heart attack

- angina (chest pain)

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11
Q

A calcified artery can lead to

A

Cardiomegaly

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12
Q

Heart failure

A
  • heart can’t pump fast enough or at enough volume to efficiently move enough blood to oxygenate tissues
  • two types: right and left sided heart failure
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13
Q

Left sided heart failure

A
  • most common
  • no venous return: can’t pump blood out to the body
  • causes: coronary artery disease, increase blood pressure, valance disease
  • mitral valve doesn’t close, blood flows back into LA
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14
Q

Right sided heart failure

A
  • more rare
  • usually happens secondary to L sided HF
  • acts like traffic congestion
  • venous return compromised (blood pools in lower extremities: edema
  • causes: pulmonary vale stenosis, emphysema, pulmonary emboli
  • blood gets caught in the aorta, then lungs then RV… backs up whole body
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15
Q

Most common disease in humans

A

Hardening of the arteries

-arteriosclerosis

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16
Q

CAD

A
  • coronary artery disease (build up of stuff in the heart)
  • can be stenosed or occluded
  • ischemia (decreased o2 supply)
  • nitroglycerin
17
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries

  • (lose elasticity, calcification of walls)
  • build up of stuff in the lumen (plaque, WBC, platelets, thrombus (blood clot)
  • stenosis if not treated
  • can cause ischemia, occlusion, hypertension
18
Q

Blood pressure of heart pre birth and after birth

A

Pre: LEFT side has highest blood pressure
After: RIGHT side has highest blood pressure

19
Q

4 congenital pathologies of CVS (heart)

A
  1. Patent foremen ovale
  2. Patent ductus arteriosis
  3. Coarctation of the aorta
  4. Tetrology of fallot
20
Q

Arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis

A
  • Arteriosclerosis: general term describing a thickening and loss of elasticity in the walls of arteries
  • atherosclerosis: more specific term, the build up of fibrofatty (plaque) deposits
  • most common arteries affected: abdominal aorta, common iliacs, femoral, cerebral, coronary arteries
21
Q

Myocardial infarction

A
  • death of some portion of heart muscle (heart attack)
  • causes: acute thrombus in coronary arteries
  • symptoms more severe in men( shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, severe pain)
22
Q

DVT

A
  • deep vein thrombosis

- blood clot formed in lower extremity vein

23
Q

Patent Foramen ovale

A
  • heals over in 1 year or less (then called fossa ovalis)
  • atrial septal defect (oval hole) between R+L atria
  • O2 blood flows from high pressure LA to low pressure RA
  • mixed O2+CO2 blood flow into RV
  • heart has to work harder (pumps some blood 2 times)
  • increase of blood flow into lungs (increase congestion of lungs- more white on radiograph)
  • most common: atrial septal defect, congenital defect
24
Q

Patent ductus arteriosis

A
  • vascular shunt between pulmonary artery and aorta remain patent (open)
  • during systole (contraction) blood from high pressure aorta goes into low pressure pulmonary artery instead of to the body
  • o2 and co2 blood mix back to lungs a second time
  • normally fossilized in 30 min post birth and turns into ligamentum arteriosum
25
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A
  • liagmentum arteriosum (fossilized ductus arteriosis) is too tight
  • aorta is stenosed at the site of attachment
  • aorta has pre stenotic bulge and post stenotic bulge
  • body develops/ creates collateral vessels to direct blood past stenosis
  • collateral vessels rub on ribs as heart beats: causes notches
26
Q

Tetrology of fallot

A

4 defects

  1. Ventricular septal defect (superior of ventricles)
  2. Stenosis of pulmonary artery
  3. Over riding aorta
  4. Ventricular hypertrophy
    - over Riding aorta: aorta entrance spans R+L ventricles (o2 and co2 blood is sent out to body: ventricular hypertrophy)
    - most common cause of cyanosis (blue) in neonate (newborn)
    - small chance of survival (surgery is palliative) can’t be healed

ANPH 202 (9 decks)

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