What To Focus On

Question 1

TIA

Answer 1

Transient ischemic attack

-like a stroke but you recover

Question 2

Brain aneurysm (3)

Answer 2

1. Berry: bulge on one side
2. Fusiform: bulge on both sides (entire circumference)
3. Dissecting: bulge and goes into vessel walls (bleeding) between the tunica intima and media

Question 3

Mitral valve issues

Answer 3

1. Stenosis: little valves can’t open or close properly (blood backs up into LA because it can’t get to LV, back up chain to lungs etc
   - pulmonary hypertension: too much blood in lungs
   - pulmonary edema: plasma spills into interstitial fluid in lungs
2. Prolapse: lack of tension in LV systole causes blood to back flow to LA (weak/flappy valves: can’t seal properly)

Question 4

Hemostatis

Answer 4

• restrict/slow down blood flow
• happens when bed ridden after surgery, not moving a lot
• happens:
  
  • blood pools in superficial veins of lower extremities
  • incompetent valves (don’t open or close properly)

Question 5

Ligation

Answer 5

• to tie off

- stops blood from pooling in veins by tying them off

Question 6

Blood clot

Answer 6

• usually happens in femoral veins (deep vessels of legs)
• thrombus: clot inside lumen of vessel
• embolus: clot moving through blood stream, (blood clot, plaque, air, fat, amniotic fluid)
• pulmonary embolism: when clot moves through the body and causes blockage in the heart

Question 7

Rheumatic fever

Answer 7

• not common because of antibiotics

- an infection in body that moves to the flaps/valves of the heart if not treated asap (mitral and aortic valves)

Question 8

Stenosed and occluded

Answer 8

Stenosed: narrow
Occluded: blocked

Question 9

AAA

Answer 9

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (bulging out the sides of the vessel)
-causes: atherosclerosis, infection, trauma, if more than 10cm there is trouble

Question 10

What happens at or in coronary arteries if they are stenosed?

Answer 10

• heart attack

- angina (chest pain)

Question 11

A calcified artery can lead to

Answer 11

Cardiomegaly

Question 12

Heart failure

Answer 12

• heart can’t pump fast enough or at enough volume to efficiently move enough blood to oxygenate tissues
• two types: right and left sided heart failure

Question 13

Left sided heart failure

Answer 13

• most common
• no venous return: can’t pump blood out to the body
• causes: coronary artery disease, increase blood pressure, valance disease
• mitral valve doesn’t close, blood flows back into LA

Question 14

Right sided heart failure

Answer 14

• more rare
• usually happens secondary to L sided HF
• acts like traffic congestion
• venous return compromised (blood pools in lower extremities: edema
• causes: pulmonary vale stenosis, emphysema, pulmonary emboli
• blood gets caught in the aorta, then lungs then RV… backs up whole body

Question 15

Most common disease in humans

Answer 15

Hardening of the arteries

-arteriosclerosis

Question 16

CAD

Answer 16

• coronary artery disease (build up of stuff in the heart)
• can be stenosed or occluded
• ischemia (decreased o2 supply)
• nitroglycerin

Question 17

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 17

Hardening of the arteries

• (lose elasticity, calcification of walls)
• build up of stuff in the lumen (plaque, WBC, platelets, thrombus (blood clot)
• stenosis if not treated
• can cause ischemia, occlusion, hypertension

Question 18

Blood pressure of heart pre birth and after birth

Answer 18

Pre: LEFT side has highest blood pressure
After: RIGHT side has highest blood pressure

Question 19

4 congenital pathologies of CVS (heart)

Answer 19

1. Patent foremen ovale
2. Patent ductus arteriosis
3. Coarctation of the aorta
4. Tetrology of fallot

Question 20

Arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis

Answer 20

• Arteriosclerosis: general term describing a thickening and loss of elasticity in the walls of arteries
• atherosclerosis: more specific term, the build up of fibrofatty (plaque) deposits
• most common arteries affected: abdominal aorta, common iliacs, femoral, cerebral, coronary arteries

Question 21

Myocardial infarction

Answer 21

• death of some portion of heart muscle (heart attack)
• causes: acute thrombus in coronary arteries
• symptoms more severe in men( shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, severe pain)

Question 22

DVT

Answer 22

• deep vein thrombosis

- blood clot formed in lower extremity vein

Question 23

Patent Foramen ovale

Answer 23

• heals over in 1 year or less (then called fossa ovalis)
• atrial septal defect (oval hole) between R+L atria
• O2 blood flows from high pressure LA to low pressure RA
• mixed O2+CO2 blood flow into RV
• heart has to work harder (pumps some blood 2 times)
• increase of blood flow into lungs (increase congestion of lungs- more white on radiograph)
• most common: atrial septal defect, congenital defect

Question 24

Patent ductus arteriosis

Answer 24

• vascular shunt between pulmonary artery and aorta remain patent (open)
• during systole (contraction) blood from high pressure aorta goes into low pressure pulmonary artery instead of to the body
• o2 and co2 blood mix back to lungs a second time
• normally fossilized in 30 min post birth and turns into ligamentum arteriosum

Question 25

Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 25

- liagmentum arteriosum (fossilized ductus arteriosis) is too tight - aorta is stenosed at the site of attachment - aorta has pre stenotic bulge and post stenotic bulge - body develops/ creates collateral vessels to direct blood past stenosis - collateral vessels rub on ribs as heart beats: causes notches

Question 26

Tetrology of fallot

Answer 26

4 defects 1. Ventricular septal defect (superior of ventricles) 2. Stenosis of pulmonary artery 3. Over riding aorta 4. Ventricular hypertrophy - over Riding aorta: aorta entrance spans R+L ventricles (o2 and co2 blood is sent out to body: ventricular hypertrophy) - most common cause of cyanosis (blue) in neonate (newborn) - small chance of survival (surgery is palliative) can't be healed