Chapter 1 Body Organization

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

-the study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

-the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

Question 3

Superior

Answer 3

Towards the head

Question 4

Inferior

Answer 4

Towards the feet

Question 5

Proximal

Answer 5

Toward or nearest the trunk of the body, or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts

Question 6

Distal

Answer 6

Away from, or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

Question 7

Body cavities

Answer 7

(Ventral body cavities)
THORACIC cavity
-mediastinum: heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, blood vessels
-pleural cavities: lungs
ABDOMINOPELVIC cavity
-abdominal cavity: liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of large intestine
-pelvic cavity: lower (sigmoid) colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
(Dorsal body cavities)
-cranial cavity: brain
-spinal cavity: spinal cord

Question 8

Abdominopelvic regions

Answer 8

• four quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ)

- nine regions

Question 9

The word “decubitus” means

Answer 9

Lying down

Question 10

A radiographic ____ describes the path of the x-ray beam

Answer 10

Projection

Question 11

For a posteroanterior projection of the chest, the patient would be facing ____ from the detector

Answer 11

Away from

Question 12

A patient positioned in an RAO would have their ______ shoulder in contact with the table

Answer 12

Right

Question 13

The knee is _______ to the ankle (proximal or distal)

Answer 13

Proximal

Question 14

The shoulders are (distal/lateral) to the sternum

Answer 14

Lateral

Question 15

The lungs are contained within the (pleural/peritoneal) cavities

Answer 15

Pleural

Question 16

The abdominal cavity is physically separated from the pelvic cavity (true/false)

Answer 16

False

Question 17

The peritoneal membrane is a (serous/mucous) membrane

Answer 17

Serous

Question 18

The left iliac region is inferior to the left hypochondriac region (true/false)

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Trendelenberg position

Answer 19

A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head lower than the feet

Question 20

Fowlers

Answer 20

A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head higher than the feet

Question 21

Membrane

Answer 21

-thin, sheet like structure
-cover and protect the body surface, line body cavities, and cover the inner surfaces of the hollow organs such as the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory passageways
-anchor organs to each other or other bones, cover internal organs
-some secrete lubricating fluid
Two major categories
1. Epithelial membranes
2. Connective tissue membranes

Question 22

Epithelial membranes

Answer 22

• composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of fibrous connective tissue
• there are 3 types of epithelial tissue
  1. Cutaneous membrane
  2. serous membrane
  3. Mucous membranes

Question 23

Connective tissue membranes

Answer 23

• composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue

- no epithelial cells are present in this type of membrane

Question 24

Cutaneous membrane ( a type of epithelial membrane)

Answer 24

• aka skin
• primary organ of the integumentary system
• has a superficial layer of epithelial cells and an underlying layer of supportive connective tissue

Question 25

Serous membranes (a type of epithelial membrane)

Answer 25

- found only on surfaces within closed cavities - composed of two distinct layers of tissue; the epithelial sheet is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium. The connective layer forms a very thin, glue like basement membrane that holds and supports the epithelial cells - a single, continuous sheet of tissue covering two different surfaces (this arrangement results in two distinct layers of serous membranes) - 1st type lines body cavities (parietal layer), like wallpaper covers the walls of a room - 2nd type covers the organs within those cavities (visceral layer)

Question 26

In the thoracic cavity the serous membranes are called?

Answer 26

Pleura!

Question 27

In the abdominal cavity the serous membranes are called?

Answer 27

Peritoneum!

Question 28

Serous membranes continued!

Answer 28

-secrete a thin, watery fluid that helps reduce friction and serves as a lubricant when organs rub against one another and against the walls of the cavities that contain them

Question 29

Pleurisy

Answer 29

- very painful pathological condition characterized by inflammation of the serous membranes (pleura) that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs - pain is caused by irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the chest cavity

Question 30

Mucous membranes (a type of epithelial membrane)

Answer 30

- line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior ex lining the respiratory, digestive tracts etc - epithelial component varies, depending on its location and function (in most cases stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelia) - epithelial cells of most mucus membranes secrete a thick, slimy material called mucus that keeps the membranes moist and soft - fibrous connective tissue underlying the epithelium is called the lamina propria

Question 31

Mucocutaneous junction

Answer 31

- transitional area that serves as the point of 'fusion' where skin and mucous membranes meet - such junctions lack accessory organs such as hair or sweat glands - generally moistened by mucous glands within the body orifices or openings, where these junctions are located - ex eyelids, lips, nasal openings etc

Question 32

Connective tissue membranes

Answer 32

- no epithelial components - the synovial membranes lining the joint capsules that surround and attach the ends of articulating bones in moveable joints are classified as connective tissue membranes - these membranes secrete synovial fluid - the membrane itself, with its synovial fluid, helps reduce friction between the opposing surfaces of bones in moveable joints - synovial membranes also line the small, cushion like sacs called bursae found between moving body parts