What things develop?

Question 1

Sensorimotor

Answer 1

of relating to or involving both sensory and motor functions or the nerves governing them

Question 2

Sensation

Answer 2

the process by which sensory receptor neurons detect information and transmit it to the brain

Question 3

Perception

Answer 3

the interpretation of sensory input, recognising, understanding, knowing

Question 4

Human Echolation

Answer 4

a technique that uses sound waves to find and detect objects. Some studies suggest that some blind people have developed echolocation to better navigate the world around them.

Question 5

Perceptual Abilities ‘hidden senses’ Vestibular senses

Answer 5

Sense of balance: Body rotation, gravitation, movement

Question 6

Perceptual Abilities ‘hidden senses’ Proprioception

Answer 6

Self-movement and position, percieve the location and movements of our body parts

Question 7

Perceptual Abilities ‘hidden senses’ Chronoception

Answer 7

Sense of time

Question 8

Perceptual Abilities ‘hidden senses’ Thermoception

Answer 8

Temperature (difference)

Question 9

Perceptual Abilities ‘hidden senses’ Nociception

Answer 9

Noxious (Painful) or harmful stimuli

Question 10

Perceptual abilities: Prenatal ontogeny of senses, vision

Answer 10

Babies are near sighted (anything far away is blurred) Sensitive to light, does fully develop about 5 months-2 years

Question 11

Haptic perception

Answer 11

Active use of touch to encode and recognise objects and surface properties, relies on input from both cutaneous receptors (skin) and proprioceptors (muscle receptors) Ability doesn’t reduce with age.

Question 12

New-borns haptic perception

Answer 12

can remember object shape, show positive reaction to gentile stroking, negative reactions to uncomfortable pressure on the body and sensitive to pain.

Question 13

Gustatory abilities and olfactory perception

Answer 13

New-borns can discriminate different odours and tastes. Chemical senses already functioning in utero. They show facial expressions in response to odours. They prefer sweet tastes over bitter sour and salty. There is a very gradual loss both due to ageing, more so with smell

Question 14

What are Vestibular senses?

Answer 14

Balance, motion, gravity. Foetus is sensitive to mothers movement. Input sent from inner ear to brain stem.

Question 15

Auditory perception in new-borns

Answer 15

starts at 23-24 weeks in utero, foetuses discriminate pure sounds from complex speech sounds. New-borns can detect a wide range of different sounds. Infants less sensitive to low pitched sounds compared to high pitched.

Question 16

Visual perception

Answer 16

Least used prenatally and least matures at birth. New-borns can detect changes in brightness, distinguish movements, track faces and objects with eyes, see in partial colour and percieve real size and shape of object

Question 17

Scoptic sensitivity

Answer 17

Less able to see in dimmer light with age

Question 18

Visual perception at 7 months

Answer 18

Only see objects close to face with clarity.
Objects far away will be blurry.
Reach adult acuity between 6-12 months

Question 19

Depth perception

Answer 19

Shown through visual cliff experiment, not present at birth, wont walk over the edge as they perceive significant depth

Question 20

Visual perception: Face Perception

Answer 20

Foetuses and new-borns show a preference for face like stimuli over other stimuli, may just be because they can see it well??

Question 21

Visual perception: Biological motion

Answer 21

Infants from 3 months can discriminate between biological and random motion. From 5 months treat upside down walked like random motion

Question 22

Perceptual abilities-
chronology of multi-sensory development. Birth

Answer 22

Competencies: prefer to follow faces with their gaze, process and respond to tactile stimuli. No smooth tracking of visual stimuli, poor visual acuity.

Question 23

Perceptual abilities-
chronology of multi-sensory development. 2 Months

Answer 23

Competencies: smooth visual tracking, anticipate visual events. But occasionally sticky fixation cannot divert attention away from object.

Question 24

Perceptual abilities-
chronology of multi-sensory development. 4 months

Answer 24

Competencies: more alert to perceptual surroundings, distinguish range of shapes, colours and sizes. But response to touch as if on body and not in external spatial worlds, response to objects based on patterns of visual lightness and not material properties

Question 25

Perceptual abilities-
chronology of multi-sensory development. 6 months

Answer 25

Competencies: Visual acuity approx. that of adult vision. But changes of position of own arms not taken into account when in less familiar postures.

Answer 26

Competencies: no longer need to look at speakers mouth to decode speech. But No longer discriminates speech sounds that are not in parents language. No longer discriminates between different monkey faces.

Question 27

Physical abilities (foetus) 0-1 month

Answer 27

Neural tube forms, e and primordial eyes and ears develop

Question 28

Physical abilities (foetus) 6 weeks

Answer 28

Touch receptors, foetus moves if lips are touched, hands develop

Question 29

Physical abilities (foetus) 10 weeks

Answer 29

Olfactory and taste receptors, hands move

Question 30

Physical abilities (foetus) 20 weeks

Answer 30

Myelination of spinal cord, reflex behaviours e.g., sucking

Question 31

Physical abilities (foetus) 5-6 months

Answer 31

Brain responds to light; inner ear; visual tracking behaviours; startles in response to sound;
Survival outside of womb possible (rare

Question 32

Physical abilities 6-7 months

Answer 32

Laminar structure in cortex; opens and closes eyes; survival outside womb not uncommon

Question 33

Reflexes- primitive

Answer 33

moro/startle reflex throws arms outward and extends legs, then brings arms back and clenches fists (temporary reflex)

Question 34

Reflexes-survival

Answer 34

eye blink in response to light or flashes-permanent reflex

Question 35

Reflexes-survival

Answer 35

Rooting- turns head in direction of touch to the cheek- temporary, helps find nipple

Question 36

Physical abilities- handling skills

Answer 36

New-borns- , reaches towards object they look at
3-4 months more goal directed reaching
5months grasps anticipate orientation of object
9months grasps anticipate size of an object
9-12 months reduce number of irrelevant movements

Question 37

Physical abilities- walking

Answer 37

stepping reflex till 2 months, then disappears, returns after 6 months, by 12 months, infants start walking without support

Question 38

Sensorimotor stage 0-2 years

Answer 38

• organise and coordinate sensations - with physical movements
  interact with their environment
• non-symbolic
• deferred imitation and object permanence

Question 39

Substage 1 sensorimotor stage:

Answer 39

simple reflexes (birth to 1 months)

Question 40

Substage 2 sensorimotor stage:

Answer 40

2. Primary circular reactions (`1 to 4 months) Reproduce an initially accidental event e.g., sucking thumb, repetitive. Internally generated and worth repeating

Question 41

Substage 3 sensorimotor stage:

Answer 41

3. Secondary circular reaction (4 to 8 months ) More aware of events beyond their own body, repetitive, reproduce events but also accidental

Question 42

Substage 4 sensorimotor stage:

Answer 42

4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions e.g., reach and grasp (8 to 12 months) Neither action itself es pleasurable but a way of achieving a pleasurable goal, e.g., toy. First incidence of problem solving, planned behaviour

Question 43

Substage 5 sensorimotor stage:

Answer 43

Tertiary circular reactions 12-18 months. Experimenting with objects to discover new ways of solving problems, trial and error, reflects a motivation to learn about the world

Question 44

Substage 6 sensorimotor stage:

Answer 44

Beginnings of representational thought (18-24 months) problem solving can occur at a symbolic level don’t need trial and error, sue of symbols even more sophisticated behaviours, behavioural schemes can be mentally rehearsed