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Chemistry AS > What's in a Medicine - Alcohol Chemistry > Flashcards

What's in a Medicine - Alcohol Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is organic synthesis?

A

using carbon molecules to create more carbon molecules

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2
Q

what are the physical properties of alcohols?

A

polar due to OH bond - similar to water

soluble to an extent

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3
Q

which alcohols are less soluble in water?

A

longer chain eg pentan-1-ol

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4
Q

why are alcohols soluble in water?

A

the OH bond allows them to hydrogen bond with water molecules, dissolving easily

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5
Q

how does the hydrogen bonding of alcohols explain their melting/boiling points?

A

they are higher than corrosponding alkanes because more energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds as well as the intermolecular id-id bonds

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6
Q

draw a diagram of methanol hydrogen bonding with water

A
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7
Q

what are the three types of alchohols?

A

primary

secondary

tertiary

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8
Q

what is a primary alcohol?

A

the hydroxy group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to only one other carbon

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9
Q

draw an example of a primary alcohol

A
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10
Q

what is the functional group of a primary alcohol?

A
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11
Q

what is a secondary alcohol?

A

the hydroxy group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to 2 other carbons

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12
Q

draw an example of a secondary alcohol

A
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13
Q

what is the functional group of a secondary alcohol?

A
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14
Q

what is a tertiary alcohol?

A

hydroxy group bonded to a carbon that is bonded to 3 other carbons

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15
Q

draw an example of a tertiary alcohol

A
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16
Q

what is the functional group of tertiary alcohols?

A
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17
Q

what can primary alcohols be oxidised to?

A

aldehydes which can then be oxidised into carboxylic acids

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18
Q

what happens during the oxidation of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

A

two H are removed - one from the O and one from the C it is attached to

a double bond is formed between the O and C

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19
Q

what are the reaction conditions for the oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes?

A

acidified potassium dichromate

excess alcohol

20
Q

what are the reaction conditions for the oxidation of an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid?

A

excess oxidising agent

heat under reflux

21
Q

what is the product of the oxidation of seconday alcohols?

A

ketones

22
Q

describe what happens during the oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

the hydrogens on the oxygen and carbon are lost, forming a ketone

23
Q

why do tertiary alcohols not oxidise?

A

because there is no hydrogen on the carbon that the hydroxy group is attached to

24
Q

how are aldehydes named?

A

suffix -al

eg propanal

25
Q

what is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A
26
Q

how are ketones named?

A

suffix -one

same number rules as alkenes

eg pentan-2-one

27
Q

what is the functional group of a ketone?

A
28
Q

what is produced from the dehydration of an alcohol?

A

alkenes

29
Q

what are the reaction conditions for the dehydration of alcohols?

A

Al2O3 at 300ºC

OR
conc sulfuric acid + heat under reflux

30
Q

draw the dehydration of propan-1-ol

A
31
Q

how are haloalkanes produced?

A

nucleophilic substitution of alcohols with halide ions in the presence of a strong acid catalyst

32
Q

what are the 2 ways of converting alcohols into esters?

A

esterification using an acid anhydride

esterification using a carboxylic acid

33
Q

what is esterification?

A

the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to produce an ester

34
Q

draw the equation for the esterification of ethanoic acid and ethanol

A
35
Q

what are the reaction conditions for esterification using alcohols and carboxylic acids?

A

heat under reflux

conc sulfuric or conc hydrochloric

36
Q

how are esters named?

A

_thyl _anoate, where the name is derived from the alcohol and carboxylic acid used to form it

eg

methanol and ethanoic acid forms methyl ethanoate

37
Q

what are acid anhydrides?

A

derivatives of carboxylic acids

38
Q

what is the functional group of acid anhydrides?

A
39
Q

how can acid anhydrides be used to form esters?

A

react completely with alcohols in place of carboxylic acids to produce esters

40
Q

what are the reaction conditions for the formation of esters using acid anhydrides?

A

warm

41
Q

which gives a higher yield of ester: carboxylic acids or acid anhydrides?

A

acid anhydrides

42
Q

what is the functional group of an ether?

A
43
Q

how are ethers derived?

A

derived from alkanes by substituting an alkoxy group (OR-) with a hydrogen from the alkane

44
Q

what type of isomer are ethers with alcohols?

A

structural isomers - same molecular formula, different structure

45
Q

what are the main techniques used to purify organic liquid products?

A

distillation

simple drying agents

separating funnels

Chemistry AS (12 decks)

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