What's in a medicine?

Question 0

Name this: (COOH)2

Answer 0

Ethanedioic acid

Question 1

What is the name of this carboxylic acid? CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOH

Answer 1

3-methylbutanoic acid

Question 2

What do carboxylic acids form when they dissociate in aqueous solution?

Answer 2

oxonium ions, carboxylate ions

Question 3

What do carboxylic acids form when they react with bases?

Answer 3

Salts

Question 4

How do you form an ester?

What is the reaction called?

Answer 4

Reflux a carboxylic acid with an alcohol, using a strong acid catalyst
It is esterification reaction and is reversible

Question 5

What derivatives are formed from carboxylic acids?

Answer 5

ester, acyl chloride, amide, acid anhydride

Question 6

What is the test for phenols?

Answer 6

Neutral iron(iii) chloride solution forms a purple complex

Question 7

What is the order of acidic strength fir alchols, phenols, carboxylic acids and water?

Answer 7

ethanol, water, phenol, ethanoic acid

Question 8

Why are phenols and carboxylic acids more acidic?

Answer 8

More stable anion as the negative charge is delocalised across several atoms

Question 9

What is the reaction of phenol and NaOH?

Answer 9

Forms salt C6H5O- Na+ and water

Question 10

Reaction of ethanoic acid and Na2CO3?

Answer 10

Forms salt CH3COO-Na+, CO2 and water

Question 11

Equation for limewater test?

Answer 11

CO2+Ca(OH)2 —-> CaCO3 (cloudy precipitate + water

Question 12

How is ester hydrolysis carries out?

Answer 12

Acid hydrolysis- sulfuric acid catalyst

Alkaline hydrolysis- NaOH (forms carboxylate salt instead of acid)

Question 13

Why is alkaline hydrolysis of esters preferred?

Answer 13

The reaction goes to completion

Question 14

How do phenols form esters?

Answer 14

By reacting with acyl chlorides and rtp or acid anhydrides under reflux in anhydrous conditions for both.

Question 15

How do you name an ester?

Answer 15

The first part is from the alcohol and the second is from the acid. The carbonyl group C=O is always from the acid.

Question 16

Name this ester: HCOOCH2CH2CH3

Answer 16

Propyl methanoate

Question 17

What is the order of atom economy of reactions? (descending)

Answer 17

Rearrangement and addition, substitution and condensation, elimination.

Question 18

Equation for % atom economy?

Answer 18

Mr of useful product/ Mr of reactants x 100

Question 19

what functional group do both aldehydes and ketones contain?

Answer 19

carbonyl group C=O

Question 20

What reactants are needed to make an aldehyde?

Answer 20

Primary alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate

Distill off aldehyde immediately to prevent further oxidation

Question 21

What product do you get when a primary alcohol is heated under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate?

Answer 21

Carboxylic acid

Question 22

How do you make a ketone?

Answer 22

Reflux secondary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate

Question 23

what colour change happens in this reaction and does it happen with aldehydes or ketones?
Cr2O7 (2-) + 14H+ + 6e- —> 2Cr3+ + 7H20

Answer 23

Dichromate ion is reduced, solution changes from orange to green in the presence of aldehydes (or primary and secondary alcohols)

Question 24

What is Fehling’s solution and what is it used for?

Answer 24

It is a solution of blue Cu2+ ions and alkali. It is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, in aldehydes the Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ turning from blue to an orange brown precipiatate. In ketones there is no colour change.

Question 25

What is used to reduce aldehydes and ketones back to their alcohols?

Answer 25

NaBH4 sodium tetrahydridoborate

Question 26

What reaction do aldehydes and ketones undergo in the presence of HCN and an alkali? What is the nucleophile?

Answer 26

Nucleophilic addition, CN-

Question 27

what is the product of the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with HCN ?

Answer 27

2-hudroxynitrile or cyanohydrin

Question 28

What is the definition of an acid?

Answer 28

a proton donor

Question 29

what is a base?

Answer 29

a proton acceptor

Question 30

what is an alkali?

Answer 30

a base that dissolves in water to produce OH- ions

Question 31

which is the acid and which is the base in this reaction?

HNO3 + H2O —> NO3-+ H3O+

Answer 31

HNO3 is acid

H2O is base

Question 32

what ions do acids become in aqueous solution?

Answer 32

oxonium ions H3O+

Question 33

What is a conjugate acid?

Answer 33

A species which in the reverse reaction accepts protons

Question 34

What does it mean if a species is amphoteric?

Answer 34

they can act as both an acid and a base

Question 35

What are strong acids and how strong is their conjugate base?

Answer 35

Powerful proton donators and a weak conjugate base

Question 36

what is the molecular ion?

Answer 36

Ion produced when the parent molecule has lost just one electron.
It is the peak with the greatest m/z on the spectrum.

Question 37

What labels are on the axis of a mass spectrum?

Answer 37

x-axis is mass to charge ratio m/z

y-axis is intensity

Question 38

what is the process by which the molecular ion breaks up?

Answer 38

fragmentation

Question 39

what does the molecular ion tell you?

Answer 39

the molecular mass of the compound

Question 40

How accurate is high resolution mass spectrometry and what is it used for?

Answer 40

4.d.p, distinguishes between compounds that appear to have the same Mr by low resolution mass spectroscopy.