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Chemistry > What’s in a medicine > Flashcards

What’s in a medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

A functional group with a C=O double bond that is polar with trigonal planar geometry (~120°).

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2
Q

What is the structure of a phenol?

A

C6H5OH, with additional groups optionally attached.

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3
Q

What is the general formula of aldehydes?

A

RCHO, where R represents an alkyl group.

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4
Q

What is the general formula of ketones?

A

-C(O)- or -CO-, with R and R’ as alkyl groups.

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5
Q

What is the general formula of acid anhydrides?

A

(RCO)2O.

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6
Q

What is the general formula of esters?

A

RCOOR’.

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7
Q

What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?

A

RCOOH, containing a carboxyl group (-COOH).

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8
Q

What is the general formula of ethers?

A

ROR’, where the oxygen is bonded to two alkyl groups.

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9
Q

What distinguishes primary alcohols?

A

The -OH group is bonded to a carbon atom attached to only one other carbon atom.

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10
Q

What distinguishes secondary alcohols?

A

The -OH group is bonded to a carbon atom attached to two other carbon atoms.

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11
Q

What distinguishes tertiary alcohols?

A

The -OH group is bonded to a carbon atom attached to three other carbon atoms.

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12
Q

How do phenols differ from alcohols?

A

Phenols are aromatic, and the -OH group is not connected to an alkane.

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13
Q

What is the reaction of phenol with sodium hydroxide?

A

Phenol + NaOH → Sodium phenoxide + Water.

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14
Q

Why don’t phenols react with carbonates?

A

Phenols are not strong enough acids to react with carbonates.

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15
Q

What happens when neutral FeCl3 is added to phenol?

A

It forms a purple solution due to the formation of an iron(III) complex.

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16
Q

How are esters formed using phenols?

A

Phenols react with acid anhydrides, not carboxylic acids, to form esters.

17
Q

What is esterification?

A

A reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ester and water.

18
Q

What is the role of acid anhydrides in ester formation?

A

They react with alcohols to form esters and carboxylic acids.

19
Q

What happens when primary alcohols are oxidised?

A

They form aldehydes with distillation or carboxylic acids with reflux.

20
Q

What happens when secondary alcohols are oxidised?

A

They form ketones, which cannot be oxidised further.

21
Q

Why can’t tertiary alcohols be oxidised?

A

The carbon atom with the -OH group is not bonded to a hydrogen atom that can be removed.

22
Q

What is the dehydration of alcohols?

A

An elimination reaction where alcohols lose H2O to form alkenes.

23
Q

How are haloalkanes made from alcohols?

A

React alcohols with halide acids (e.g., HCl) to substitute the -OH group with a halogen.

24
Q

What is heating under reflux used for?

A

To prevent the loss of volatile or flammable substances during a reaction.

25
Q

What are the steps to purify an organic liquid product?

A

Use a separating funnel, neutralise impurities, dry with anhydrous salt, and distill.

26
Q

How is water removed from a purified product?

A

Add an anhydrous salt like MgSO4 until the liquid stops being lumpy, then filter.

27
Q

What is the process of recrystallisation?

A

Dissolve a solid in hot solvent, cool to form crystals, filter, and dry the product.

28
Q

What is thin-layer chromatography (TLC) used for?

A

To separate and identify small quantities of organic compounds.

29
Q

What is vacuum filtration used for?

A

To separate a solid from a filtrate using a vacuum pump and Buchner funnel.

30
Q

How is melting point used to assess purity?

A

Pure substances have a sharp melting range, while impurities increase the range.

31
Q

What is the synthesis of aspirin?

A

Hydrolyse methyl-2-hydroxybenzoate, esterify salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride, and recrystallise the product.

32
Q

What is green chemistry?

A

A sustainable approach to reduce waste, use safer chemicals, lower energy usage, and prevent environmental damage.

33
Q

What does mass spectroscopy measure?

A

The molecular ion peak (M⁺) shows the molecular mass, and fragmentation patterns identify molecular components.

34
Q

What does IR spectroscopy measure?

A

The absorption of IR radiation by covalent bonds, indicating specific functional groups.

35
Q

What are the main IR regions?

A

4000–2500 cm⁻¹ (hydrogen bonds), 2500–2000 cm⁻¹ (triple bonds), 2000–1500 cm⁻¹ (double bonds).

36
Q

What is the fingerprint region in IR spectroscopy?

A

The region below 1500 cm⁻¹ used to identify unique compounds.

Chemistry (8 decks)

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