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Chemistry > Developing fuels > Flashcards

Developing fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure?

A

The molar volume is about 24.0 dm³ at 298 K (25 °C) and 100 kPa.

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2
Q

What is the ideal gas equation?

A

pV = nRT, where p is pressure (Pa), V is volume (m³), n is moles, R is the gas constant (8.314 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹), and T is temperature (K).

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3
Q

How is gas volume measured?

A

Using a gas syringe or an inverted burette/measuring cylinder in water.

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4
Q

What is a σ bond?

A

A σ bond is formed by the direct overlap of orbitals in a straight line, creating an area of increased electron density.

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5
Q

What is a π bond?

A

A π bond is formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals, creating areas of electron density above and below the σ bond.

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6
Q

Which bond is stronger, σ or π?

A

A σ bond is stronger than a π bond.

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7
Q

How are 3-D molecular diagrams represented?

A

Bonds in the plane of the paper are straight lines, bonds behind are dashed wedges, and bonds in front are solid wedges.

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8
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

Enthalpy is the energy change in a chemical reaction, calculated as the difference between energy absorbed breaking bonds and energy released making bonds.

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9
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

An exothermic reaction releases energy, causing a negative enthalpy change (ΔH).

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10
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

An endothermic reaction absorbs energy, causing a positive enthalpy change (ΔH).

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11
Q

What are standard conditions for enthalpy changes?

A

298 K, 1 atmosphere (101 kPa) pressure, and 1 mol dm⁻³ concentration for solutions.

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12
Q

What is the standard enthalpy change of reaction (ΔrH°)?

A

The enthalpy change when molar quantities of reactants react under standard conditions.

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13
Q

What is the standard enthalpy change of combustion (ΔcH°)?

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burned in oxygen under standard conditions.

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14
Q

What is bond enthalpy?

A

The average energy required to break one mole of a specific bond in the gaseous state.

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15
Q

How do bond enthalpies relate to bond lengths?

A

Bonds with higher enthalpies typically have shorter bond lengths.

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16
Q

What is the formula for energy transferred when heating water?

A

q = mcΔT, where m is mass (g), c is specific heat capacity (4.18 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹), and ΔT is temperature change (K).

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17
Q

What is Hess’s law?

A

The enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the path taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same.

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18
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction by providing an alternate pathway with lower activation energy, without being chemically changed.

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19
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking is breaking large hydrocarbons into smaller ones, often requiring high temperatures and pressures or a catalyst.

20
Q

What are common atmospheric pollutants from combustion?

A

Particulates, CO, CO₂, NOₓ, and SOₓ.

21
Q

What is benzene?

A

Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon (C₆H₆) with delocalised π electrons over a ring structure.

22
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single C-C bonds, such as alkanes.

23
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.

24
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction where a molecule adds to a double bond, forming a single product.

25
Q

What is electrophilic addition?

A

An addition reaction where an electrophile accepts a pair of electrons from a double bond.

26
Q

How can bromine water test for unsaturation?

A

Unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine water as they form dibromo compounds.

27
Q

What is the general equation for complete combustion?

A

Fuel(l/g) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + H₂O(g).

28
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

A process where monomers with double bonds form long-chain polymers by breaking their double bonds.

29
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

30
Q

What are E/Z isomers?

A

Isomers with restricted rotation around a double bond, where E has groups on opposite sides and Z has groups on the same side.

31
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Fuels made from plant or animal materials, which can be carbon-neutral if plants reabsorb CO₂ during growth.

32
Q

What are the conditions required for cracking?

A

High temperatures and pressures or the use of a catalyst.

33
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ.

34
Q

What is the test for unsaturation?

A

Shake the sample with bromine water; if the solution decolourises, the compound is unsaturated.

35
Q

What is the formula for calculating energy transferred when heating a solution?

A

q = mcΔT, where q is energy (J), m is mass (g), c is specific heat capacity (J g⁻¹ K⁻¹), and ΔT is temperature change (K).

36
Q

What are the units for bond enthalpy?

A

kJ mol⁻¹.

37
Q

What is the enthalpy change of neutralisation?

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of H⁺ reacts with one mole of OH⁻ to form one mole of water under standard conditions.

38
Q

What is photochemical smog?

A

A type of air pollution formed when sunlight reacts with pollutants like nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, producing harmful compounds such as ozone.

39
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH (carboxyl group).

40
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ.

41
Q

What are the by-products of combustion of sulfur-containing fuels?

A

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂), which contributes to acid rain.

42
Q

What is the role of ammonia in reducing NOₓ emissions?

A

Ammonia reacts with NOₓ to form nitrogen and water, reducing emissions.

43
Q

What is a repeating unit in a polymer?

A

The smallest structure in a polymer chain that repeats to form the entire polymer.

44
Q

What is hydrogenation of alkenes?

A

The addition of hydrogen to an alkene, converting it into an alkane, using a catalyst.

45
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

A C=C double bond.

Chemistry (8 decks)

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