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EOSC 372 > What is sea water > Flashcards

What is sea water Flashcards

1
Q

How do satellites show chlorophyll on the globe?

A

chlorophyll influences the green light reaching satellites

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2
Q

primary production definition

A

amount of phytoplankton biomass in sea water because of photosynthetic carbon fixation
total

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3
Q

primary productivity

A

rate of change of phytoplankton biomass is seawater because of photosynthetic carbon fixation
rate

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4
Q

wind field

A

seasonally averaged near watered winds
strength and direction

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5
Q

what direction do the winds usually come from?

A

from the NW in the summer
from the south in the winter

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6
Q

surface currents

A

seasonally averaged direction and relative strength of currents
interested in where they go

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7
Q

are horizontal velocities or vertical velocities faster in the ocean?

A

horizontal

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8
Q

upwelling

A

vertical upwards flow

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9
Q

downwelling

A

vertical downwards flow

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10
Q

what would be the diameter of all the water on earth if it were a sphere?

A

1384 km

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11
Q

stratification

A

layers in liquid that separate because of variations in densities with depth

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12
Q

density

A

mass per unit volume (kg/m^3)

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13
Q

mixing

A

irreversible mingling of liquids. If liquids don’t separate again after time, they have been mixed

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14
Q

nutrients

A

chemicals that phytoplankton must acquire from the surrounding water in order to grow
(not mammal nutrients)

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15
Q

what is the standard method for how are physical properties sampled in seawater?

A

CTD, conductivity-temperature-depth probe

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16
Q

how does a CTD work

A

electronic instrument that measures salinity (conductivity), temperature, and depth (pressure)
sampling bottles area closed at specific depths

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17
Q

how are ocean profiles viewed because of CTDs?

A

in vertical profiles since the machine is being lowered into the ocean

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18
Q

salinity

A

dissolved salt content (g/kg)

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19
Q

what increases density?

A

increased salinity
decreased temperature (effect is small in cold water)
increased pressure (slightly)

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20
Q

how does salinity change globally

A

low in polar regions, increases with depth in cold regions
high in tropics because of evaporation, decreases with depth because of warm surface

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21
Q

how does temperature change with depth?

A

decreases from surface down
increases from a certain point downwards because temperature increases with pressure
(bike pump analogy)

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22
Q

in situ temperature

A

temperature reading on thermometer sent down into the ocean

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23
Q

potential temperature

A

temperature you would read if you brought the deep water back to sea surface pressure adiabatically (no heat exchange happens)

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24
Q

benefits of in-situ temperature

A

life in deep ocean experiences
determines rate of chemical reactions

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25
Q

benefits of potential temperature

A

track water masses as potential temperature
compare water masses at different depths and determine which would be warmer if they met
direct indication of heat content

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26
Q

what does potential temperature show about deep water temperatures

A

it’s consistent all the way down

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27
Q

what controls density in polar regions?

A

salinity

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28
Q

what controls density in tropic regions?

A

temperature

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29
Q

how does the ocean get salty

A

weathering run-off
aeolian dust
hydrothermal vents
volcanic volatiles
sediments
gas influx from atmosphere

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30
Q

what elements are found in the ocean?

A

all 92 naturally occurring elements
from grams to attograms per kg of seawater

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31
Q

what are the sixmain elements in sea water

A

chloride
sodium
sulfate
magnesium
potassium
calcium

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32
Q

rule of constancy of composition

A

all conservative elements have constant ratios to each other and salinity in the ocean

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33
Q

what elements are considered conservative elements?

A

all the major ions except calcium, some of the minor ions

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34
Q

how can we determine salinity?

A

titration of any of the conservative elements
conductivity measurements

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35
Q

what is ratio of salinity to chlorinity

A

salinity = 1.815 x chlorinity

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36
Q

how do we get salinity from measuring sea water’s conductivity?

A

measure the current carried by the salt in the water

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37
Q

what is the salinity of water?

A

35.00 g/kg (or 35.17)

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38
Q

does the ocean or land store more carbon

A

the deep ocean

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39
Q

what are the sources of bicarbonate to the ocean?

A

weathering runoff
CO2 from the atmosphere

40
Q

how does rain water affect weathering

A

rain is slightly acidic, interacts with silicate minerals, creates bicarbonate that comes into the ocean from runoff
aka hydrological cycle

41
Q

what is the chemical equation of weathering?

A

XSiO3 + H2CO3 + H2O -> X + HCO3 + H3SiO4
silicates + carbonic acid + water -> bicarbonate + other things

42
Q

what is the chemical equation for atmospheric transfer of CO2 into the ocean?

A

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 carbonic acid
H2CO3 -> H + HCO3 bicarbonate ion
HCO3 -> H +CO3 carbonate ion

CO2 + H2O + CO3 -> 2HCO3

43
Q

what is the buffer response of the ocean when CO2 is added

A

H + CO3 -> HCO3

44
Q

what does DIC stand for

A

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon

45
Q

how do you calculate the K constant of Henry’s Law

A

concentration of products over reactants, not including the solvent

46
Q

what makes water less soluble?

A

increased temperature
increased salinity

47
Q

what changes the value of K in Henry’s Law

A

decreases with increased temperature and salinity
increases with molecular weight and polarity

48
Q

what is a mole fraction?

A

the fraction of atoms in a mixture that are one type of gas (percentage

49
Q

what is a partial pressure?

A

the part of the total pressure which is because of a certain gas

50
Q

what is the equation to calculate partial pressure?

A

p = PX
partial pressure = total pressure x mole fraction

51
Q

what is the partial pressure of water when in equilibrium?

A

the same as the partial pressure of the air above it

52
Q

what are the three most abundant gases in the air?

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, argon

53
Q

why is dry air partial pressures used for calculations?

A

because water vapour content is much more variable

54
Q

how much of known CO2 emissions probably ended up in the ocean?

A

about 40%

55
Q

what is Henry’s Law

A

i = Kp
concentration of gas in the water = Gas constant x partial pressure of the gas

56
Q

what does NAEC stand for?

A

Normal Atmospheric Equilibrium Concentration

57
Q

what is the purpose of the NAEC?

A

to correct for water vapour at the in situ temperature and salinity of the surface ocean

58
Q

what is the calculation for NAEC

A

NAEC = K(1 - psw) X
NAEC = gas constant(atmospheric pressure - correction for water vapour) mole fraction

59
Q

how does adding CO2 affect animals’ ability to make shells?

A

decreases carbonate in the water, less carbonate available to make shells

59
Q

how does adding CO2 affect animals’ ability to make shells?

A

decreases carbonate in the water, less carbonate available to make shells

60
Q

at what pH do we see maximum buffering capacity?

A

9

61
Q

what pH on average is the ocean?

A

8

62
Q

what are the most dominant DICs in the ocean in order

A

bicarbonate
carbonate
carbon dioxide

63
Q

what effect does biology have on CO2 content in the ocean

A

takes up CO2 during photosynthesis
releases CO2 during respiration

64
Q

how does respiration affect seawater chemistry?

A

increases DIC overall, decreases CO3, doubles HCO3
becomes more acidic
same effect as anthropogenic CO2

65
Q

how does photosynthesis effect seawater
chemistry

A

decreases DIC overall, CO3 increases and HCO3 decreases
becomes more basic

66
Q

how does calcium carbonate formation effect seawater chemistry?

A

decreases DIC by decreasing CO3
becomes more acidic (removing basic form)
CO2 increases because of lowered pH
opposite for dissolution

67
Q

what are the main ions found in river water?

A

bicarbonate
calcium
silicilic acid
sulfate
chloride
sodium

68
Q

what salts mainly come from volcanic volatiles?

A

chloride, sulfate

69
Q

what is the CO2 biological pump?

A

the CO2 uptake by marine biota into the ocean

70
Q

what important elements to aeolian dusts bring into the ocean?

A

iron, aluminum, lead

71
Q

what influences aeolian dust to enter the ocean?

A

smaller dust is transported farther
rain brings it down faster

72
Q

what is hydrothermal circulation?

A

reaction between seawater and hot magma at mid-ocean ridges
magma alters the chemistry of the ocean water

73
Q

is hydrothermal circulation a source or a sink?

A

both, it depends on the element
completely removes magnesium and sulfate
adds in lithium, potassium, Rb, and manganese

74
Q

what is diagenesis?

A

chemical reaction in sediment that produces concentration gradients of chemical species in pore water
drives diffusion of released elements into bottom waters

75
Q

what is pore water?

A

water between sediment particles

76
Q

what is an example of a source from pore water?

A

opal (SiO2) shells increase pore water concentration of silicic acid, which diffuses back into sea water

77
Q

what are the salt sinks in the ocean?

A

gas efflux
sea spray
sedimentation
hydrothermal circulation

78
Q

what is sedimentation?

A

particle matter settling on the sea floor
main removal of many elements

79
Q

what is the hydrothermal plume?

A

the cloud of elements that is reoxidizing outside the hydrothermal vent

80
Q

what can cause regions of the ocean to degas CO2?

A

upwellings or deep mixing

81
Q

how does sea spray remove salts?

A

spraying on to the land, only significant in some cases (Na and Cl)
non-selective

82
Q

what are estuaries?

A

river-sea mixing zones

83
Q

how is ocean input influenced by estuaries?

A

modified chemical reactions influence what makes it into the ocean

84
Q

what is the residence time?

A

average time that an element stays in the ocean

85
Q

what is the steady state of the ocean?

A

that sea water concentrations stay constant, and
inputs = outputs
main inputs and outputs are from the atmosphere and sediments

86
Q

what is the main equation of the steady state

A

dX/dt = Ia + Is + R - Oa - Os
Ix = Ox = kX = kVC
any additional inputs/outputs are added into the equation

87
Q

how do we achieve steady state?

A

negative feedback mechanisms
rate of removal of X from the ocean is proportional to the amount of X in the ocean

88
Q

what is the removal rate constant?

A

k = 1/time (year)

89
Q

what is the residence time equation?

A

t = X/I (or O)

90
Q

what is the relationship between residence time and removal rate constant?

A

t = 1/k, unit is years

91
Q

how would you estimate residence time of X?

A

concentration of X * flux (river flow, sediment acc, etc)

92
Q

how does the reactivity of elements influence residence times

A

unreactive = longer
reactive = shorter
major elements = longer
trace elements = vary
essential nutrients = intermediate (recycled)

93
Q

what is a conservative property

A

property which varies only with salinity
only effected by processes that effect all salts equally

94
Q

what influences a non-conservative property?

A

element-specific processes

EOSC 372 (5 decks)

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