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EOSC 372 > Phytoplankton > Flashcards

Phytoplankton Flashcards

1
Q

what is phytoplankton’s biomass versus their photosynthetic production percentage

A

1% of total biomass, 50% of global photosynthetic production

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2
Q

how can we classify phytoplankton?

A

taxonomically
functionally based on ecological roles
size

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3
Q

what are the two major groups of phytoplankton?

A

eukaryotic (photosynthetic protists)
prokaryotic (photosynthetic bacteria)

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4
Q

which phytoplankton are eukaryotic

A

diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, phaeocystis

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5
Q

what phytoplankton are prokaryotic?

A

synechococcus, prochlorococcus, trichodesmium

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6
Q

what different colours of algae can we identify

A

green (chlorophyta)
brown (chromophyta)
red (rhodophyta)
all that we discuss are brown

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7
Q

autotrophic definition

A

organism that creates its own energy, primary produce

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8
Q

heterotrophic definition

A

secondary producers that seeks their energy from other sources (zooplankton)

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9
Q

mixotrophic definition

A

organisms that are autotrophic and heterotrophic

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10
Q

what is the range of sizes for phytoplankton

A

less than to micrometers to 200 micrometers

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11
Q

which phytoplankton are the high resource requirement type?

A

diatoms

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12
Q

which phytoplankton are the resource efficient group?

A

cyanobacteria

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13
Q

how does resource efficiency affect when in the spring season a phytoplankton will appear?

A

high resource requirement ones show early in the season, once nutrients diminish more resource efficient phytoplankton show up

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14
Q

how do diatoms present themselves

A

principally solitary cells, also in large chains

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15
Q

what is the glass covering on diatoms called?

A

siliceous cell
frustule

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16
Q

how much of a diatoms weight does the frustule take up?

A

4%-50%

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17
Q

what kind of symmetry does a centric diatom have?

A

radial symmetry

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18
Q

what kind of symmetry does a pennate diatom have?

A

bilateral symmetry

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19
Q

effects of having a frustule:

A

diatoms need silicate in their environment
increases their density therefore sink faster

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20
Q

what are diatoms roles in the biological pump?

A

promote sinking of organic carbon to the sediments where it will be buried and stored

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21
Q

what is the role of the huge vacuole found in diatoms?

A

exploit presence of high nutrients to store for later, allow cell divisions in low nutrient environments

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22
Q

what is the toxic acid found in some diatoms?

A

domoic acid
neurotoxin

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23
Q

what is an example of a diatom with domoic acid?

A

Pseudo-nitzschia

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24
Q

where are diatoms mostly found?

A

temperate high latitudes
high nutrient areas

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25
Q

what is the cellulose wall on some Dinoflagellates called?

A

Theca

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26
Q

what kind of nutritional modes to dinoflagellates use

A

all three, most are mixotrophs

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27
Q

what is the feeding process of dinoflagellates called?

A

phagocytosis

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28
Q

how do dinoflagellates reroduce?

A

mostly asexually

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29
Q

what is the function of “cysts” for dinoflagellates

A

created during periods of stress, can remain dormant until they are triggered and reintroduced genetic material

30
Q

what allows dinoflagellates to be more mobile?

A

flagella (tail)

31
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that causes bioluminescence in dinoflagellates

A

luciferase

32
Q

what are HABs?

A

harmful algae blooms
toxic algae bloom associated with poisonous compounds

33
Q

what causes a red tide?

A

HABs

34
Q

what diseases can HABs cause

A

Diarrheic/Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP, PSP)

35
Q

what toxin causes PSP?

A

saxitoxin

36
Q

how does saxitoxin work?

A

sodium channel inhibitor in nerve cells

37
Q

example of a symbiotic relationship involving dinoflagellates

A

dinoflagellates and corals
receive nutrients, exchange photo energy

38
Q

what regions are dinoflagellates found in?

A

tropical/subtropical waters
low nutrient concentrations
in same areas as diatoms after the diatom blooms

39
Q

what does a dinoflagellate do in the day time versus the night time?

A

day; photosynthesis at the surface
night: take up nutrients at deeper ocean

40
Q

what kind of species are considered haptophytes?

A

coccolithphorids
phaeocystis
isochrysis
prymnesium

41
Q

what are coccoliths covered in?

A

calcareous plates (calcium carbonate)

42
Q

where are coccoliths generally found?

A

globally

43
Q

what is the calcification equation for coccoliths?

A

calcium + bicarbonate -> calcium carbonate + water + CO2

44
Q

why are coccoliths visible from space?

A

their liths scatter light

45
Q

how do coccoliths perform calcification

A

vesicle in the cell concentrates calcium and bicarbonate to favour CaCO3 formation

46
Q

how does calcification benefit phytoplankton

A

increases CO2 concentration for photosynthesis

47
Q

why do coccoliths sink to the ocean floor?

A

calcium carbonate is denser than seawater

48
Q

how do coccoliths affect the global carbon cycle?

A

photosynthesis on biological carbon pump
carbonate counter pump while creating cell wall

49
Q

where are phaeocystis usually found

A

open and coastal ocean
high latitudes

50
Q

what causes phaeocystis’ mucus texure

A

carbohydrate rich polymers surrounding it

51
Q

what is DMSP

A

dimethyl sulphonium propionate

52
Q

what species produces high levels of DMSP

A

phaeocystis

53
Q

what happens to DMSP in seawater

A

degrades to DMS (dimethyl sulphide)
oxidizes to sulfate aerosols
acts as cloud condensation nuclei

54
Q

what does cloud formation because of DMS cause?

A

promotes cooling because of cloud energy reflectance
influences acidity of rain

55
Q

what kind of haptophyte is phaeocystis?

A

naked, no CaCO3 shell

56
Q

what is a consequence of phaeocystis’ stickyness

A

promotes aggregation of things, sinks easily

57
Q

where are cyanobacteria most abundant?

A

low nutrient, low biomass waters

58
Q

what is the most abundant phytoplankton?

A

cyanobacteria

59
Q

what are the major groups of cyanobacteria?

A

synechococcus
prochlorococcus
trichodesmium

60
Q

what are the characteristics of cyanobacteria

A

unicellular
filamentous/colony forming

61
Q

what phytoplankton is responsible for oxygenating the atmsphere?

A

cyanobacteria

62
Q

where are trichodesmium found?

A

above 25 degrees celsius water (tropical and subtropical)

63
Q

why do trichodesmium need to be in nitrate poor regions?

A

to favour N-fixing reaction

64
Q

what are the requirements for N-fixing

A

low O2
low NH4
ATP
1 atm pressure
20 degrees celsius

65
Q

what enzyme fixes nitrogen

A

nitrogenase (contains iron)

66
Q

what phytoplankton can fic nitrogen?

A

richelia symbiot in diatoms
synechococcus, crocosphaera

67
Q

which is the oldest photosynthetic organism?

A

synechococcus

68
Q

which is the smallest phytoplankton

A

prochlorococcus

69
Q

is Pro or Syn more abundant?

A

prochlorococcus

70
Q

does Pro or Syn inhabit a wider range of ocean?

A

synechococcus

71
Q

does Pro or Syn inhabit a deeper range of ocean?

A

prochlorococcus

EOSC 372 (5 decks)

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