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Pharm 2nd half > What is preload? > Flashcards

What is preload? Flashcards

Preload is another way of expressing end diastolic volume (EDV). Therefore, the greater the EDV is, the greater the preload is

1
Q

What is contractility?

A

Contractility refers to the force of the contraction of the heart muscle, which controls SV.

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2
Q

What is afterload?

A

Afterload refers to the force that the ventricles must develop to pump blood effectively against the resistance in the vascular system.

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3
Q

What is Systemic Circulation: Blood Vessels?

A

After blood is pumped out of the ventricles, it is carried through the body via blood vessels.

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4
Q

What is an artery?

A

An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, where it branches into ever-smaller vessels and eventually into tiny capillaries where nutrients and wastes are exchanged at the cellular level.

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5
Q

What is Edema?

A

The presence of excess tissue fluid around the cells leads to a condition called edema.

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6
Q

What is Homeostatic Regulation of the Cardiovascular System?

A

To maintain homeostasis in the cardiovascular system and provide adequate blood to the tissues, blood flow must be redirected continually to the tissues as they become more active.

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7
Q

What is a Vascular Spasm?

A

When a vessel is severed or punctured or when the wall of a vessel is damaged, vascular spasm occurs. In vascular spasm, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vessel contracts dramatically.

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8
Q

What is Coagulation?

A

the formation of a blood clot.

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9
Q

What is Fibrinolysis?

A

the gradual degradation of the clot.

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10
Q

What are Plasma Anticoagulants?

A

An anticoagulant is any substance that opposes coagulation

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11
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

n aggregation of platelets, erythrocytes, and even WBCs typically trapped within a mass of fibrin strands.

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12
Q

What is Hyperlipidemia?

A

high blood cholesterol

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13
Q

What is High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol?

A

“good” cholesterol because it promotes the excretion of cholesterol.

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14
Q

What is Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol?

A

“bad” cholesterol because it stores cholesterol in the bloodstream, which contributes to atherosclerosis

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15
Q

What is Hypertension?

A

Chronically elevated blood pressure

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16
Q

What are Thrombi and Emboli?

A

Thrombi are most commonly caused by vessel damage to the endothelial lining, which activates the clotting mechanism.

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17
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

buildup, called plaque, can narrow arteries enough to impair blood flow.

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18
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

A

It occurs when atherosclerosis within the walls of the coronary arteries obstructs blood flow

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19
Q

What is Myocardial Infarction?

A

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the medical term for what is commonly referred to as a “heart attack”.

20
Q

What is Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)?

A

Loss of blood flow for longer periods produces irreversible brain damage or a stroke

21
Q

What is Arrhythmias?

A

a deviation from the normal pattern of impulse conduction and contraction, or to fibrillation, an uncoordinated beating of the heart.

22
Q

What is Heart Failure?

A

a condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs

23
Q

What do Cardiovascular drugs do?

A

alter a client’s blood pressure or heart rate, such as antiarrhythmics, cardiac glycosides, antihypertensives, and diuretics.

24
Q

What can Anticoagulant medications do?

A

cause serious risk for bleeding that can be life threatening.

25
Q

What are Antianginal Drugs?

A

used to treat angina pectoris. Angina is chest pain caused by inadequate blood flow, resulting in hypoxia of the cardiac tissue.

26
Q

What is nitroglycerin?

A

relieves angina by relaxing vascular smooth muscle, resulting in vasodilation.

27
Q

What class is Nitroglycerin?

A

Antianginals

28
Q

A client was administered the first dose of nitroglycerin at 1305hrs for acute angina. What should the nurse evaluate after administration?

A

The nurse should monitor the client’s blood pressure and heart rate. After 5 minutes, the pain level should be reassessed and a second dose of nitroglycerin administered if the client’s chest pain continues. If there is no improvement in chest pain, emergency services should be obtained by calling 911 or the rapid response team.

29
Q

What are Antilipemic Medications?

A

reduce hyperlipidemia that may lead to additional health problems such as stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, and heart failure.

30
Q

What does Ezetimibe do?

A

Ezetimibe blocks the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestines to reduce LDL.

31
Q

What class is Antilipemics (Atorvastain (lipitor))?

A

Antilipemics

32
Q

What is Heparin Sodium?

A

an anticoagulant that can be injected or used intravenously and is formulated in several dosages.

33
Q

What is Partial thromboplastin time (PTT).?

A

a blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot.

34
Q

What is Warfarin?

A

an oral anticoagulant formulated in various strengths

35
Q

What class is Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) and Clopidogrel (Plavix) ?

A

Blood Coagulation Modifiers (Antiplatelet)

36
Q

What are some functions of the heart?

A
  1. to move oxygenated blood, nutrients, and hormones to organs and tissues so that they can conduct the vital processes needed to keep the body functioning.
    2.to move deoxygenated blood and unwanted metabolic wastes from the body to be excreted out of the system, and to provide the blood with an opportunity to re-oxygenate and begin the cyclical process again.
37
Q

What are Antianginal Drugs?

A

used to treat angina pectoris. Angina is chest pain caused by inadequate blood flow, resulting in hypoxia of the cardiac tissue.

38
Q

What class is Nitroglycerin?

A

Antianginals

39
Q

What class is Metoprolol

A

Antihypertensives– Beta 1 Antagonist also called beta blockers

40
Q

What is Metoprolol used for?

A

blocks Beta-1 receptors in the heart, causing decreased heart rate and decreased blood pressure.

41
Q

What do Antilipemic Medications do?

A

reduce hyperlipidemia that may lead to additional health problems such as stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, and heart failure.

42
Q

What class is Atorvastatin (Lipitor)?

A

Antilipemics

43
Q

What is Atorvastatin (Lipitor) used for?

A

inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis, which reduces LDL (low density lipoprotein)

44
Q

What class is Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) and Clopidogrel (Plavix) Two common ones used in Cardiac patients?

A

Blood Coagulation Modifiers (Antiplatelet)

45
Q

What is Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) and Clopidogrel (Plavix) used for?

A

ASA inhibits platelet activation and aggregation. Plavix is metabolized to its active metabolite by CYP2C19

Pharm 2nd half (2 decks)

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