What is Perfusion?

Question 1

What is Perfusion

Answer 1

the ability of the heart to move oxygen and nutrients throughout the body to ensure cellular processes are able to function appropriately.

Question 2

How many main functions does the heart provide?

Answer 2

It provides 2,
1. The heart works to move oxygenated blood, nutrients, and hormones to organs and tissues so that they can conduct the vital processes needed to keep the body functioning.
2. The second function of the heart is to move deoxygenated blood and unwanted metabolic wastes from the body to be excreted out of the system, and to provide the blood with an opportunity to re-oxygenate and begin the cyclical process again.

Question 3

What is the location of the heart?

Answer 3

The human heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum.

Question 4

How many chambers does the heart consist of?

Answer 4

The heart consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles

Question 5

What is the Conduction System of the Heart

Answer 5

Contractions of the heart are stimulated by the electrical conduction system.

Question 6

How is normal cardiac rhythm established?

Answer 6

The SA node has the highest rate of depolarization and is known as the pacemaker of the heart.

Question 7

How does an ECG work?

Answer 7

Surface electrodes placed on specific anatomical sites on the body can record the heart’s electrical signals.

Question 8

How many components of an ECG are there?

Answer 8

There are five prominent components of the ECG: the P wave, the Q, R, and S components, and the T wave.

Question 9

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 9

The period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation is known as the cardiac cycle.

Question 10

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 10

At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, both the atria and ventricles are relaxed (diastole). Blood is flowing into the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and into the left atrium from the four pulmonary veins.

Question 11

What is cardiac output?

Answer 11

Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.

Question 12

What affects stroke volume?

Answer 12

Three primary factors that affect stroke volume are: preload, or the stretch on the ventricles prior to contraction; contractility, or the force or strength of the contraction itself; and afterload, the force the ventricles must generate to pump blood against the resistance in the vessels.

Question 13

what is nitroglycerin used for?

Answer 13

a medication that causes arterial and venous vasodilation. It is used for clients with angina to decrease cardiac workload and increase the amount of oxygen available to the heart.

Question 14

What is blood pressure and blood flow?

Answer 14

Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels.

Question 15

What primary variables influence blood flow and blood pressure?

Answer 15

Cardiac output
Compliance
Volume of the blood

Question 16

What is low blood volume called?

Answer 16

hypovolemia, may be caused by bleeding, dehydration, vomiting, severe burns, or by diuretics used to treat hypertension.

Question 17

What is arteriosclerosis?

Answer 17

vascular disease causes stiffening of arteries,

Question 18

What is compliance?

Answer 18

the ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content

Question 19

How is homeostasis maintained?

Answer 19

in the cardiovascular system and provide adequate blood to the tissues, blood flow must be redirected continually to the tissues as they become more active.

Question 20

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 20

specialized stretch receptors located within the aorta and carotid arteries that respond to the degree of stretch caused by the presence of blood and then send impulses to the cardiovascular center to regulate blood pressure.

Question 21

What are Epinephrine and Norepinephrine?

Answer 21

are released by the adrenal medulla and are a part of the body’s sympathetic or fight-or-flight response. They increase heart rate and force of contraction, while temporarily constricting blood vessels to organs not essential for fight-or-flight responses and redirecting blood flow to the liver, muscles, and heart.

Question 22

What is Antidiuretic Hormone?

Answer 22

also known as vasopressin, is secreted by the hypothalamus. The primary trigger prompting the hypothalamus to release ADH is increasing osmolarity of tissue fluid, usually in response to significant loss of blood volume.

Question 23

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) ?

Answer 23

has a major effect on the cardiovascular system. Specialized cells in the kidneys respond to decreased blood flow by secreting renin into the blood.

Question 24

What is the Angiotensin II?

Answer 24

a powerful vasoconstrictor that greatly increases blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of ADH and aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

Question 25

What does kidney function work?

Answer 25

helps to regulate blood pressure, along with the heart and blood vessels, primarily through the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).

Question 26

How does Elimination of Drugs and Hormones?

Answer 26

Water-soluble drugs may be excreted in the urine and are influenced by one or all of the following processes: glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, or tubular reabsorption. Drugs that are structurally small can be filtered by the glomerulus with the filtrate. However, large drug molecules such as heparin or those that are bound to plasma proteins cannot be filtered and are not readily eliminated.