what is physiology

Question 1

what is physiology

Answer 1

the dynamic study of life

Question 2

what is the grand organiser that controls the molecules, cells and the organs and the way they interact

Answer 2

the genome

Question 3

what is homologous

Answer 3

similar chromosmal structure

Question 4

other name for physiological genomics

Answer 4

functional genomics

Question 5

What is the milieu exterieur

Answer 5

the environment that physically surrounds the whole organism

Question 6

what is the milieu interieur

Answer 6

the environment in which the tissues and cells live.

Question 7

how do we call the internal environment of Bernard today

Answer 7

extracellular fluid

Question 8

what are the four fundamental properties of a living organisms according to the discipline of physiology

Answer 8

living organism exchange matter and energy with the environment.
only living organisms can receive signals from their environment and react accordingly.
onyl a living organims can grow and repoduce.
only a organism is able to adapt to changing circumstances.

Question 9

what is homeostasis

Answer 9

the control of a vital parameter, e.g arterial pressure.

Question 10

what are the four elements of negative-feedback mechanism

Answer 10

the system must be able to sense the vital parameter (e.g glucose level)
Second, the system must be able to compare the input signal with some internal reference value called a set-point, thereby forming a difference signal. Third, the system must multiply the error signal by some proportionality factor (i.e., the gain) to produce some sort of output signal (e.g., release of insulin). Fourth, the output signal must be able to activate an effector mechanism (e.g., glucose uptake and metabolism) that opposes the source of the input signal and thereby brings the vital parameter closer to the set-point (e.g., decrease of blood glucose levels back to normal).

Question 11

give example of hierachy amour various feedback loops.

Answer 11

For example, the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary, which controls the adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol, which helps control blood glucose levels.

Question 12

does homeostasis require energy

Answer 12

yes not in equilibrium

Question 13

what is meant with redundancy in homeostasis

Answer 13

if one system fails others should help maintain homeostasis

Question 14

what does medicine borrow from physiology

Answer 14

physiochemical principles
as referencestate (abnormal physiology)

Question 15

what is comparative physiology

Answer 15

focuses on differences and similarities among different species

Question 16

what is the knockout mouse?

Answer 16

when a gene encoding protein that conventionally seemed very important, is knocked out, it has no obvious effect or an unexpected effects.

Question 17

according to bernard are the contents of the gastroinesteinal tract, sweat ducts and renal tubules in or outside the body

Answer 17

outside.

Question 18

what is the fixite du milieu interieur,

Answer 18

, is the conditions of free independent life. each organ contributes to compensate and equilibrate against changes in the external environment.

Question 19

how do feedback loops act?

Answer 19

synergistically or antagonistically.

Question 20

does homeostasis require energy

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

what is the steady state

Answer 21

a parameter is constant (rquires energy)

Question 22

is a regulated parameter in equilibrium and why?

Answer 22

no, requires energy (equilibrium does not involve energy consumption)

Question 23

what factors provides the greatness of a response

Answer 23

history and stae of the sytstem

and genetic factors

Question 24

on what does the adaptability of an organism depend

Answer 24

its ability to alter its response

Question 25

what is the root of adaptability of an organism

Answer 25

flexible feedback loops