what is physiology Flashcards
what is physiology
the dynamic study of life
what is the grand organiser that controls the molecules, cells and the organs and the way they interact
the genome
what is homologous
similar chromosmal structure
other name for physiological genomics
functional genomics
What is the milieu exterieur
the environment that physically surrounds the whole organism
what is the milieu interieur
the environment in which the tissues and cells live.
how do we call the internal environment of Bernard today
extracellular fluid
what are the four fundamental properties of a living organisms according to the discipline of physiology
living organism exchange matter and energy with the environment.
only living organisms can receive signals from their environment and react accordingly.
onyl a living organims can grow and repoduce.
only a organism is able to adapt to changing circumstances.
what is homeostasis
the control of a vital parameter, e.g arterial pressure.
what are the four elements of negative-feedback mechanism
the system must be able to sense the vital parameter (e.g glucose level)
Second, the system must be able to compare the input signal with some internal reference value called a set-point, thereby forming a difference signal. Third, the system must multiply the error signal by some proportionality factor (i.e., the gain) to produce some sort of output signal (e.g., release of insulin). Fourth, the output signal must be able to activate an effector mechanism (e.g., glucose uptake and metabolism) that opposes the source of the input signal and thereby brings the vital parameter closer to the set-point (e.g., decrease of blood glucose levels back to normal).
give example of hierachy amour various feedback loops.
For example, the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary, which controls the adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol, which helps control blood glucose levels.
does homeostasis require energy
yes not in equilibrium
what is meant with redundancy in homeostasis
if one system fails others should help maintain homeostasis
what does medicine borrow from physiology
physiochemical principles as referencestate (abnormal physiology)
what is comparative physiology
focuses on differences and similarities among different species
what is the knockout mouse?
when a gene encoding protein that conventionally seemed very important, is knocked out, it has no obvious effect or an unexpected effects.
according to bernard are the contents of the gastroinesteinal tract, sweat ducts and renal tubules in or outside the body
outside.
what is the fixite du milieu interieur,
, is the conditions of free independent life. each organ contributes to compensate and equilibrate against changes in the external environment.
how do feedback loops act?
synergistically or antagonistically.
does homeostasis require energy
yes
what is the steady state
a parameter is constant (rquires energy)
is a regulated parameter in equilibrium and why?
no, requires energy (equilibrium does not involve energy consumption)
what factors provides the greatness of a response
history and stae of the sytstem
and genetic factors
on what does the adaptability of an organism depend
its ability to alter its response
what is the root of adaptability of an organism
flexible feedback loops
