Electrical Excitability and Action Potentials Flashcards

1
Q

How much biger is the peak of the action potential to Vrest

A

~100mV

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2
Q

What is the overshoot?

A

part of AP that lies above the 0mV

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3
Q

What 3 factors influence the threshold, amplitude, time course, and duration of the action potential

A

the gating and permeability of ion channels (depend on Vm and time)

  1. the intra and extracellular concentration.
  2. membrane properties, capacitance resistance and the geometry.
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4
Q

What does a brief action potential reflect?

A

rapid signaling (e.g nerve axon)

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5
Q

what does a prolonged repetitive AP tell.

A

slower rhytmic contractions (cardiac and certain smooth muscle cells)

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6
Q

what does endothelin do?

A

shorten the duration of AP.

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7
Q

τ =

A

RC (product of membrane resistance and capacitance

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8
Q

what does happen to graded responses with distance?

A

decays

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9
Q

what happens with AP with distance

A

magnitude and shaoe stay same. however delay between stimulus and response increases.

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10
Q

What are graded voltage changes

A

yperpolarizations and subthreshold depolarizations

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11
Q

what is electrotonic conduction

A

As the graded response spreads, its magnitude decays exponentially with the distance from the site of stimulation because of passive loss of electrical current to the medium.

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12
Q

What kind of velocity do AP propagate

A

constant (130m/s)

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13
Q

Does a large stimulus have a long duration

A

large stimulus short duration

small stimulus long duration. of spike

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14
Q

What is the refractory period

A

time where it is (nearly ) impossible to fire AP

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15
Q

The absolute refractory period lasts from?

A

initiation to when repolarisation is almost complete

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16
Q

What is a feature of the absolute refractory period?

A

no second AP can be fired

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17
Q

whe does the relative refractory period start

A

after absolute refractory to almost Vrest

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18
Q

what is a feature of the relative refractory period

A

the minimal stimulus necessary for activation is stronger or longer than predicted by the strength-duration curve for the first action potential

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19
Q

is the current-voltage relationship between NA+ and K+ macrop or micro scopic? and why

A

macroscopic because the currents represent many individual ion channels

20
Q

why are the K channels called delayed rectiefier K+?

A

activate with a time delay

21
Q

ix=gx(Vm-Ex) explain the parameters

A

ix is the single channel current.

gx is the single channel conductance.

22
Q

what is ohmic in a graph

23
Q

what is Boltzman distribution

A

The probability of a channel’s being open depends on V m

24
Q

Ix=NPoix

A

What is P the probability that the channel is open.

25
what are the parameters of Hodgkin and Huxley (not full names)
n,m,h dimensionless parameters between 0 and 1
26
what do the parameters mean of Hodgkin and Huxley (n,m,h)
activation parameter n= the probability that the K + channels are open. activation parameter m= the probability that the Na + channels are open. the inactivation h- Na + current inactivates,
27
when are the parameters of Hodgkin and Huxley measured
at infinite time (e.g steady state)
28
what causes depolarisation
increase in Na + conductance
29
what causes repolarisation
inactivation of Na + conductance and delayed activation of K + conductance
30
what can be the external stimulus to activate Na+ channels at AP
electrode, a synaptic event, or propagation of a depolarizing wave
31
what is a gating current
small movement of charge that should accompany the activasion of voltage gated Na and K channels
32
what are receoptor and synaptic potentials
graded responses
33
what are two ways in improving conduction properties of nerve fibers
increase diameter of axon (higher conductance)or | myelinating the fiber
34
what are Schwann cells
glial cells that produce myelin in the periphery
35
what are oligodendrocytes
glial cells that produce myelin in the brain.
36
what does myelin do
increase membrane resistence which minimizes loss of current.
37
what are the nodes of Ranvier
unmyelinated zones, containing a large density of voltage gated Na+ channels.
38
where are the Na channels in the nodes of ranvier
nodal membrane
39
where are the K channels in the nodes of ranvier
paranodal regions flanking each node
40
what is saltatory conduction
impulse conduction where, Current flow that is initiated at an excited node flows directly to adjacent nodes with little loss of transmembrane current through the internode region
41
what is more effecient and propagates AP faster myelin or larger diameter
myelin (130 m/s)
42
is there a transmembrane current in internodal regions?
no, only capacitative current.
43
what are electrotonic currents
decaying currents that spready away of the location of the electrode.
44
what are the two cable parameters?
time and length constant
45
when myelinated fibers with a very small diameter (<1 µm), is conduction than faster than unmyelinated axons with the same outeer diameter.
no, becasue the resistance of the axoplasm dominates.
46
what is multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disorder in which the myelin sheath surrounding CNS axons is progressively lost, eventually resulting in nerve blockage
47
a high h favors the ...state of the channel.
open